T1: Growth and Development: Infancy Flashcards
chronological age
age in years
developmental age
age based on functional behavior and ability to adapt to the environment
Infant age range
birth to 12 months
toddler age range
1-3 years
preschool age range
3-6 years
school-age range
6-12 years
adolescence age range
12-18 years
Cephalocaudal
head to toe
Proximodistal
From the center outward or from the midline to periphery (near to far)
differentiation
Simple to complex progression of achievement of developmental milestones
what has the greatest influence on a child’s G&D
genetic factors (heredity)
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
When is object permanence developed?
sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
object permanence
The child knows that an object exists even when it cannot be seen or heard. (peekaboo)
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
what are the two portions of the preoperational stage
preconceptual (2 to 4 ) and intuitive phase (3 to 7)
egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
when teaching a child in the preoperational stage, what must be taken into account
the child’s vivid fantasies and underdeveloped sense of time
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
when teaching a child in the concrete operational stage, what should be considered
give the opportunity to ask questions and explain things back to you. This allows the child to mentally manipulate information
formal operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (11 years to death) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
when teaching a child in the formal operational stage, what should be considered
for the adolescent may be wide ranging because they are able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives. Can teach consequences, especially those related to the patient’s behavior.
Trust vs. Mistrust
(birth to 1 year)
Task of first year of life to establish trust in people providing care, Mistrust develops if basic needs are inconsistently or inadequately met
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1-3 years)
-starts developing autonomy and new physical skills
-symbolizes independence by controlling body fluids and saying no when asked to do something
what reflects that the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt phase was successful
toddler develops self-confidence and willpower; if criticized or unsuccessful, develop a sense of shame and doubt about their abilities
Initiative vs. Guilt
( 3 to 6 years)
-can carry out a plan of action
-Develops a conscience (learns right from wrong)
what reflects that the Initiative vs. Guilt phase was successful
preschooler develops direction and purpose; if criticized, leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority
(6 to 12 years)
-Displays development of new interests and involvement in activities
-Learns to follow rules
-Acquires reading, writing, math, and social skills
what reflects that the Industry vs. Inferiority phase was successful
school aged child develops confidence and enjoys learning about new things; if compared to others, may develop feeling of inadequacy; inferiority may develop if too much is expected
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(12 to 18 years)
-Rapid and marked physical changes
-Preoccupation with physical appearance
-Examines and redefines self, family, peer groups, and community
-Experiments with different roles
-Peer group very important
what reflects that the Identity vs. Role Confusion phase was successful
adolescent develops confidence in self-identity and optimism; if unable to establish meaningful definition of self, develops role confusion
when is formal developmental screening done
at 9 months, 18 months, and 24 - 30 months
