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AUBF > Microscopic Examination > Flashcards

Microscopic Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Sediments in urine with these clinical significance:
1. renal disease
2. lower urinary tract disease
3. toxic reactions due to drugs
4. physiologic causses

A

RBCs

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2
Q

salicylates and anticoagulant therapy produces what sediments in urine

A

RBCs

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3
Q

what are the 4 rbc morphology that can be found in urine

A
  • normal
  • crenated
  • ghost
  • dysmorphic
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4
Q

RBCs with ___ cells/hpf is considered abnormal.

A

> 3 cells/hpf

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5
Q

Erythrocytes are found in ___ cells/hpf in normal urine

A

0-2 cells/hpf

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6
Q

toxic drugs such as sulfonamides, methanamine can produce what sediment in urine?

A

RBCs

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7
Q

RBC morphology where rbc is lysed and only cell membrane is left.

A

Ghost RBCs

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8
Q

RBC morphology that can be found in hyposthenuria (low specific gravity)

A

ghost rbcs

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9
Q

RBC morph where rbc shrinks, found in hypersthenuria

A

crenated rbcs

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10
Q

7 um in diameter of RBCs is considered what rbc morphology

A

normal duh

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11
Q

dysmorphic rbcs in urine is ___ in origin

A

glomerular

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12
Q

doughnut shaped rbc with 1 or more membrane blebs

A

G1 cell

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13
Q

May be more specific than dysmorphic cells for
diagnosing glomerular hematuria (Dinda, 1997)

A

G1 cell

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14
Q

what are 2/3 sources of rbc identification errors

A
  1. yeast
  2. oil droplets
  3. air bubbles
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15
Q

what stain or chemical is used to differentiate RBCs errors such as yeast or oil droplets, and wbc

A

acetic acid

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16
Q

sediment characteristic:
exhibit greater variation in size and are highly refractile

A

oil droplets and air bubbles

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17
Q

___ leukocytes/hpf are seen in normal urine

A

<5

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18
Q

increase in urinary WBCs (principally neutrophils)

A

Pyuria

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19
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis, staphylococci, and coliforms are causative agents

A

Pyuria

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20
Q

correlated with
- Leukocyte esterase
- Nitrite
- Specific Gravity
- pH

A

WBCs

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21
Q

what is the significance of NITRITE screening test?

A

Bacteria/WBCs

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22
Q

What is the significance of the screening test for PROTEINS?

A

casts/cells

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23
Q

significance of screening test for GLUCOSE

A

yeast

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24
Q

Provided evidence that chamber counts on centrifuged urine sediments are more reliable in predicting renal functional abnormalities than coventional method using cells per HPF

A

Kesson (1978)

25
Q

Normal value of these parameters in quantitative count.

neutrophils? 5 to __/uL
RBCs? 3 to __ /uL
casts? 1 to __/ul

A

neutrophils = 5 to 30/uL
RBCs = 3 to 20/uL
casts = 1 to 2/uL

26
Q

When was Addis count developed

A

1926

27
Q

Standard amount of specimen centrifuged is ___ mL.

A

10 to 15 mL

28
Q

If not possible to obtain 12 mL specimen…

A
  • specimen volume noted on report
  • for correction, results are multiplied by 2
29
Q

How many minutes do we centrifuge the specimen?

A

5 minutes @ 400 RCF (Relative centrifugal force) because it produces least chance of damage to elements

30
Q

Used when quantitating the number of elements per mL

A

Concentration factor

31
Q

What are the sediment volumes frequently used

A

0.5 and 1.0mL

32
Q

Reporting of CASTS in routine microscopic examination

A

per 10 LPFs

33
Q

reporting of RBCs and WBCs in routine microscopic examination

A

per 10 HPFs

34
Q

This stain is used for methylene blue and eosin y, for eosinophil granules

A

Hansel stain

35
Q

stains structures containing iron

A

Prussian blue stain

36
Q

identifies WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts

A

Sternheimer-Malbin

37
Q

Toluidine blue stain is for

A

enhancement of nuclear detail

38
Q

This is used for detection of malignancies of the lower urinary tract

A

Cytodiagnostic urine testing

39
Q

stain used in cytodiagnostic urine testing

A

Papanicolaou stain

40
Q

part of illumination system of the microscope which contains a number of leaves that the operator may open or close to increase the amount of light illuminating the object

A

iris diaphragm

41
Q

part of illumination system of the microscope which gathers the light coming from the light source and to concentrate that light in a collection of parallel beams into the specimen

A

condenser

42
Q

most common and simplest condenser

A

Abbe condenser

43
Q

most common filter used

A

blue
since it absorbs some of the yellow to red light from illumination bulbs

44
Q

usual thickness of cover glass

A

0.17 mm

44
Q

filters are used for

A

enhanced contrast and color correction

45
Q

this is a technique used to optimize light quality and sharpness by aligning and adjusting each component of the optical system.

performed whenever an objective is changed.

A

Kohler Illumination

46
Q

image in the microscope is upside down and reversed, what is this called?

A

virtual image

47
Q

most common type of microscope wherein object appear dark against a light background

A

Bright-field microscopy

48
Q

Enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices, such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucus threads, and Trichomonas

eliminates the need to fix or stain living cells

A

Phase contrast microscopy

49
Q

calculated as the speed with which light travels in air divided by the speed with which light travels through the substance

A

refractive index

50
Q

aids in identification of birefringent elements: cholesterol on OFB, fatty casts, and crystals

A

Polarizing microscope

51
Q

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent substances or those that have been stained with a fluorochrome or fluorophore to produce an image

A

Fluoroscence microscopy

52
Q

property by which atoms absorb light at a particular wavelength and emit light of a longer wavelength

A

Fluorescence

53
Q

Fluorescent compound with green emission at 517nm

A

FITC
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate

54
Q

Fluorescent compound that is red emission at 580nm

A

TRITC
Tetramethylrhodamine Isothiocyanate

55
Q

enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads, and trichomonas

A

phase-con mic

56
Q

aids in ID of Treponoma pallidum

A

Dark-field microscopy

57
Q

produces a three dimensional microscopy image and layer by layer imaging of a specimen

A

interference-contrast

AUBF (7 decks)

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