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dev psych exam 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

genetics; brain/body development

1
Q

genome

A

the complete set of DNA of any organism, including all of its genes

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2
Q

genotype

A

the genetic material an individual inherits

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3
Q

phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype (body/behavioral characteristics)

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4
Q

environment

A

every aspect of individuals and their surroundings other than genes

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5
Q
  1. parents’ genotypes – child’s genotype
A

involves the trans motion of genetic material from parent to offspring

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

46 chromosomes –> 23 pairs –> each pair carries genes of same type
- genetic diversity and individual differences

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7
Q

DNA

A

molecules that carry all of the biochemical instructions involved in tithe formation / functioning of an organism

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8
Q

genes

A

sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

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9
Q

random assignment

A

egg and sperm formation is always random

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10
Q

crossing over

A

the process which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other
- variability

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11
Q

mutation

A

a change in a section of DNA
- ex causes: radiation, infection, chemical exposure

4 types: substitution, deletion, insertion, inversions

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12
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes (X and Y) that determine sex at birth

female: XX
male: XY

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13
Q
  1. child’s genotype – child’s phenotype
A

relation between one’s genotype and one’s phenotype

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14
Q

endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous system, that do not involve overt behavior

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15
Q

regulator genes

A

genes that control the activity of other genes
- switch on/off genes

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16
Q

alleles

A

2 or more different forms of a gene

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17
Q

dominant allele

A

if present, gets expressed

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18
Q

recessive allele

A

not expressed if dominant allele is present

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19
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 of the same allele for a trait

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20
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance pattern in which traits are governed by more than one gene

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21
Q
  1. child’s environment – child’s phenotype
A

impact of the environment on the child’s phenotype

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22
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a disorder related to defensive recessive gene on chromosome 12 of the amino acid phenylalanine

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23
Q

gene environment interaction

A

situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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24
Q

parent contribution to child’s environment

A

parents’ genes affect their phenotypes (and thereby influence the family environment) and child outcomes

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25
Q

genetic nurture

A

children’s outcomes can be predicted by parental alleles that the child did not inherit

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26
Q
  1. child’s phenotype – child’s environment
A

restates active child theme as a source of their own development
- children create their own environment by actively selecting surroundings and experiences that match their interests/personalities

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27
Q
  1. child’s environment – child’s genotype
A

the structure of the genetic code remains “fixed” during one’s lifetime, the expression of the genetic code is altered

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28
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in gene environment that are mediated by environment

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29
Q

DNA methylation

A

regulates the amount of protein predicted by a given one

30
Q

family studies

A

examine extent to which a trait runs in families raised in same home

31
Q

twin studies

A

compares MZ and DZ twins

32
Q

adoption studies

A

examines extent to which adopted children resemble their adoptive vs biological families

33
Q

heritability

A

extent to which genes contribute to differences in a trait across individuals
- expressed as a percent
- reflects environment in some way
- not fixed; can be changed

34
Q

important aspects about heritability

A

Heritability applies only to populations

Heritability estimate applies only to a particular population living in a particular environment

Heritability estimates reflect the environments of the populations of individuals they are derived

Heritability estimates can change as a function of developmental factors

High heritability does not imply immutability

There is a high sampling bias in genetic studies (lack of diversity)

35
Q

molecular genetics research designs

A

examines specific DNA sequences to identity mechanisms that link genes and behaviors

36
Q

genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

A

link specific DNA segments with particular traits

37
Q

genomes-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)

A

takes estimates of genetic resemblance across large groups of individuals

38
Q

environmental effects

A

children in the same family do not necessarily share the same environment

  • effects of the environment are likely due to many experiences of small effects working together
  • harder to measure
39
Q

neuron (function and parts)

A

used to communicate
- cell body (soma)
- dendrites
- axons
- axon terminals
- synapse
- astrocyte (glial cells)

40
Q

cell body (soma)

A

manufactures new cell components

41
Q

dendrites

A

receives input from other neurons

42
Q

axons

A

sends messages to other neurons

43
Q

axon terminals

A

synaptic vesicles (contains neurotransmitters for messaging)

44
Q

synapse

A

when neurons communicate with one another
- terminal: neurotransmitters travel space

45
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cells
- protects neurons
- blood-brain barrier
- respond to injury
- form myelin sheath

46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

80% of the brain
- analyzes sensory information
- 4 regions: occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe

47
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

48
Q

temporal lobe

A

speech and language
auditory information
memory
hippocampus

49
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory processiing
perception
primary sensory cortex

50
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

initially processes sensory information and passes it to the association cortex

51
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function
- motor
- working memory
- ability to plan
- prefrontal cortex

52
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

hemisphere are specialized for different models of processing

53
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons ini the adult brain

54
Q

myelination

A

speeding up connections

55
Q

synpatogensis

A

formation of new connections

56
Q

pruning

A

elimination of synapse / neurons

57
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change in response to experiences

58
Q

experience-expectant plasticity

A

describes the role of general human experience in shaping brain development

59
Q

experience-dependent plasticity

A

occurs when neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a result of experience

60
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

image created by measuring the release of energy from water in tissue after being exposed to a magnetic field

61
Q

pros and cons of MRI

A

pros
- high spatial resolution

cons
- low temporal resolution
- indirect measure of brain activity

62
Q

structural MRI to functiontional MRI is what to what?

A

brain anatomy to brain function

63
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

HANS BERGER
- developed this to measure electoral activity generated by the brain

64
Q

pros and cons of EEG

A

pros
- measures brain activity
- high temporal resolution

cons
- low spatial resolution

65
Q

near-infrared spectroscopy

A

neuroimaging technique

66
Q

pros and cons of near-infrared spectroscopy

A

pros
- allows for movement
- high sampling rate

cons
- only look at cortical activity

67
Q

secular trends

A

changes in physical development that have occurred over generations

68
Q

infant feeding

A

some studies demonstrating links between breast feeding and higher IQ (not always)

69
Q

development of food preferences

A
  • preference for salt emerges around 4 months
  • children are exposed to associative learning
70
Q

obesity

A
  • 15% of teens in US in 2017 were obese
  • global issue
    • genetic and environmental
71
Q

vaccines

A
  • important in healthy physical development
  • operate on herd immunity

dev psych exam 1 (6 decks)

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