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Spanish Wine Scholar > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

What is Abrigo?

A

Spanish for “wall”, these are walls that surround vines planted in hoyos (holes) & serve as windbreaks.
They are found in DO Lanzarote.

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2
Q

What is Albariza?

A

A water-retentive soil containing 30 to 80% chalk mixed w/ limestone, sand & clay; found in DOs Jerez-Xeres-Sherry, Manzanilla-Sanlucar de Barrameda, & Montilla-Moriles.

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3
Q

What is Albero?

A
  • An absorbent sand used as flooring in sherry bodegas;
  • Also, the locatl name used for Albariza soil in DO Montilla-Moriles
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4
Q

What is Aloque?

A

A semi-red wine unique to DO Valdepenas. It is produced by cofermenting red & white grapes.

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5
Q

What is Anada?

A

Spanish for “vintage;” a term used on sherry labels.

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6
Q

What is Anejo?

A

A designation w/in DO Carinena for intensely oxidized wines of at least 15% abv that spend a min. 24 months in barrel; Anejo is Spanish for “mature.”

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7
Q

What is Arenas?

A

Sand; a soil-type in DO Jerez-Xeres-Sherry or DO Manzanilla-Sanlucar de Barrameda.

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8
Q

What is Arrope?

A

A dark syrup obtained by heating grape must over a slow fire until it reduces to one-fifth its original volume.
This is added to Palomino grape must to create vinos de color (“color wine”) in the production of sherry.

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9
Q

What is an Anticyclone?

A

A weather system w/ high atmospheric pressure at its center & calm rotating winds.

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10
Q

What is the Azores High?

A

Also known as the Azores anticycline; an anticyclone that impacts the Iberian Peninsula & points east in summer, typically bringing blue skies, dry air, & hot temperatures.

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11
Q

What is Barros?

A

Clay; a soil type in DO Jerez-Xeres-Sherry or DO Manzanilla-Sanlucar de Barrameda.

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12
Q

What is Bodega?

A

Spanish for “winery”

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13
Q

What is Bota?

A

Spanish for “barrel”.
A term used in DOs Jerez-Xeres-Sherry & Manzanilla-Sanlucar de Barrameda.

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14
Q

What is Brisats?

A

Orange wines made in Cataluna; white wines vinified w/ skin contact resulting in an “orange” hue.

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15
Q

What is Cabeceo?

A

The process of blending dry & sweet sherries to produce cream sherry.

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16
Q

What is Calatayud Superior?

A

A designation w/in DO Calatayud for wines made from low-yielding vines of at least 50 years in age w/ a minimum of 85% Garnacha.

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17
Q

What is Call Vermell?

A

A reddish clay often mixed w/ limestone gravels or stones; found on the island of Mallorca.

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18
Q

What is Carbonic Maceration?

A

An enzymatic fermentation that takes place inside whole grape berries to deliver a wine that is light in tannin & explosive in aromatics.

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19
Q

What is Cava?

A

Spanish sparkling wine produced using the metodo tradicional (“tradional method”).

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20
Q

What is Cava de Paraje Calificado?

A

Spanish for “Qualified Single Estate Cava;” the highest quality designation w/in DO Cava;
Among other stipulations, hand-harvested grapes must hail from a single vinyard comprised of vines at least 10 years of age;
Wines must be aged for a minimum of 36 months on their lees, be vintage dated, & be finished as Brut, Brut Nature, or Extra Brut.

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21
Q

What is Cierzo?

A

A strong, dry, cooling north/northwesterly wind blowing through Rioja, Navarra, Aragon, & Cataluna in autumn & winter.

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22
Q

What is Clarete?

A

A winemaking process in which red & white grapes are crushed together & vinified as a red wine to deliver a light-red or semi-red wine.

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23
Q

What is Classic Penedes?

A

A cava designation w/in DO Penedes; among other stipulations, wines must be 100% organic & aged for a minimum of 15 months on their lees.

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24
Q

What is Colleiteiro?

A

A boutique winery w/ an annual production under 15,850gal/60,000 l utilizing estate-grown grapes in Ribeiro, Galicia.

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25
Q

What is Consejo Regulador?

A

Spanish for “Regulating Council;” refers to an administrative/legislative body that regulates viticulture & winemaking practices, sets quality controls including aging regimen, & provides proof of origin for each Spanish DOP.

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26
Q

What is Cordon trenzado?

A

A grape training method only found in the Canary Islands; vines are braided as they grow to form long ropes; this allows them to be moved so other food crops can be planted during the growing season.

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27
Q

What is Cosecha?

A

Spanish for “harvest” or “vintage;” also refers to a category of wine w/ no aging requirement.

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28
Q

What is Cosecheros?

A

Grape growers in Rioja who produce a red wine via a unique combination of carbonic maceration & wild yeast fermentation.

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29
Q

What is Costers?

A

Spanish for “banks” [of a river]; steep slopes.

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30
Q

What is Criaderas?

A

Spanish for “nurseries;” a term referring to a tier of butts w/in a solera that contain sherry of the same age.

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31
Q

What is Criaderas y Soleras?

A
  1. A vertical stacking of casks respresenting one type of sherry from many vintages;
  2. The bottom row of butts in a vertical stacking;
  3. A dynamic aging system that allows for the partial withdrawal of older wine from a butt & the replacement of the same w/ wine from younger vintages so as to assimilate the younger wine into the old;
  4. A fractional blending & again system.
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32
Q

What is Crianza?

A

An aging category; vinos tintos in this category must age for at least 24 months in total of which a minimum of 6 months must be spent in barrel;
Vinos blancos & rosados must age for at least 12 months in total of which a minimum of 6 months must be spent in barrel;
Some wine regions may modify/extend these requirements (e.g. DOCa Rioja, DO Ribera del Duero).

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33
Q

What is Denominacion de Origen (DO)?

A

Spanish for “Denomination of Origin;” refers to legally defined areas of grape/wine production; also seen as Denominacion de Origen Protegida (DOP) or “Protected Designation of Origin” (PDO).

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34
Q

What is Denominacion de Origen Calificada DOCa?

A

Spanish for “Denomination of Qualified Origin;” refers to DOs that have attained the highest quality levels for at least 10 years.

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35
Q

What is Denominacio d’Origen Qualificada?

A

Catalan for “Denomination of Qualified Origin;” refers to DOs that have attained the highest quality levels for at least 10 years.

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36
Q

What is Destilado?

A

Spanish for “distilled;” also, a distilled wine used in sherry production typically made from Airen.

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37
Q

What is Doble pasta?

A

Spanish for “double pulp;” a unique & traditional method of vinifying grapes in DO Utiel-Requena & DO Manchuela; skins & pulp of Bobal vino rosado production are added to a fermenting Bobal must resulting in a “double-macerated,” highly-extracted, tannic vino tinto.

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38
Q

What is Embat?

A

A soft, humid sea breeze particular to the island of Mallorca; blows over land during the sunniest part of the day & tapers off when the sun goes down; imparts some saline notes to many of the wines produced on the island.

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39
Q

What is En cabeza?

A

A vine training system whereby the head of the vine is trained downward in order to allow the leaf canopy to protect the fruit growing underneath.

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40
Q

What is en rama?

A

Literally translates as “on the branch;” a term for biologically-aged sherries that are very lightly filtered to remove suspended particles but do not undergo further clarification or stabilization.

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41
Q

What is en vaso?

A

A vine training system whereby the trunk is head-pruned & kept short so that it resembles a small bush;
In French “gobelet;” vines so trained are also called “bush vines.”

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42
Q

What is espaldera?

A

A vine training system whereby the trunk is typically established 3 feet off the ground w/ 1 or 2 permanent arms (cordons) resting on a support wire; this allows for vertical shoot positioning on a trellis system.

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43
Q

What is Espumosos de Calidad de Rioja?

A

Spanish for “Quality Sparkling Wines of Rioja;”
An optional designation for producers w/in Rioja’s DO Cava zone of production & the only labeling option for sparkling producers outside of Rioja’s DO Cava area.

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44
Q

What is flor/velo de flor?

A

In sherry production, a term referring to a film of surface yeasts.

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45
Q

What is Foehn effect?

A

Warm, dry winds on the leeward side of a mountain caused by the condensation of water vapor (& the heat that generates) on the windward side.

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46
Q

What are Foudres?

A

Large wooden casks that hold 79.25 gallons/300 liters (or more) of wine.

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47
Q

What is Garnacha del Emporda?

A

Red wines produced in DO Emporda which have been aged for a minimum of 2 years & contain a minimum of 90% of Garnacha Tinta and/or Garnacha Peluda.

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48
Q

What is Generico?

A

Spanish for “generic;”
A DOCa Rioja category of wine w/ no minimum aging requirement;
Also, a zonal classification in DOCa Rioja in which a wine does not conform to a single zone, municipality, or vineyard.

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49
Q

What is Girasol?

A

1970s prototype of a mechanized riddling machine;
Precursor of the gyropalette.

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50
Q

What is Gran Anada?

A

A designation for Espumosos de Calidad de Rioja that indicates extended lees aging (min. 36 months) & vintage labeling.

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51
Q

What is Gran Reserva?

A

A traditional aging category; vinos tintos must age for a min. of 60 months in total of which a min. 18 months must be spent in barrel;
Vinos blancos & rosados must age for a min. of 48 months in total of which a min. of 6 months must be spent in barrel;
For DOCa Rioja, vinos tintos must age for a min. of 60 months in total, with min. 24 months spend in both barrel & bottle.

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52
Q

What is Gran Reserva Cava?

A

A cava that spends a min. of 30 months on its lees & is finished as Brut, Brut Nature, or Extra Brut.

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53
Q

What is Gran Vinya Classificada?

A

A single-vineyard classification in DOQ Priorat (similar to Grand Cru in Burgundy); supersedes the Vi de Finca designation.

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54
Q

What is hoyo?

A

Spanish for “hole;”
In DO Lanzarote, a funnel-shaped hole dug approx. 10ft/3m in diameter & 7-8ft/2-2.5m deep.

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55
Q

What is Jerez Superior?

A

A subdivision of the Zona de Produccion consisting of only those vineyards planted in albariza soil.

56
Q

What is Joven?

A

Spanish for “young”;
A designation for young wines that under minimal to no aging.

57
Q

What is Lapilli?

A

A layer of small, porous, volcanic pebbles that blankets the topsoil in certain areas of the Canary Islands;
Also called picon.

58
Q

What is Levante?

A

An eastely wind that is gentle & moist while over water bringing clouds & raind to the coast;
However, as it blows westward over land, it increases in intensity & becomes both hot & dry;
Also known as the Levanter or Solano.

59
Q

What is Leveche?

A

A hot, dry, dust-laden southwest wind originating over North Africa;
Largely impacts Valenca & Alicante in springtime.

60
Q

Whta is Llicorella?

A

A shallow, copper-colored, decomposed slate/shale of low organic content that formed during the Devonian & Carboniferous periods 416-318 mya;
Found largely in DOQ Priorat w/ pockets in DOs Montsant & Conca de Barbera.

61
Q

What is Madreo?

A

A vino rosado winemaking technique in DO Tierra de Leon in which whole clusters are added to a vat of fermenting must to create an explosive bouquet of aromatics in the finished wine.

62
Q

What is Majuelo?

A

A family-owned & family-farmed vineyard whose grapes are sold as a cash crop to wineries in Castilly y Leon.

63
Q

What is Malmsey?

A

A sweet, white, unfortified wine produced from Malvasia; a historic wine of note produced in the Canary Islands.

64
Q

What is Marco de Jerez?

A

The area encompassing the nine towns entitled to grow grapes for sherry production.

65
Q

What is Marco Real?

A

A planting methodology used to minimize hydric stress; vines are planted in a chessboard-like pattern & spaced approx. 8ft/2.5m apart in all directions.

66
Q

What is metodo tradicional?

A

Spanish for “traditional method” [of sparkling wine production].

67
Q

What is Mistela de Moscatel?

A

A sweet fortified Moscatel de Alejandria must which does not undergo fermentation.

68
Q

What is mitad y mitad?

A

A 50/50 mixture of distilled grape spirit & mature sherry used to fortify sherry.

69
Q

What is Monterrei Superior?

A

A designation in DO Monterrei which is awarded to wines made w/ a min. 85% of any native variety.

70
Q

What is mosto prensa?

A

In sherry production, a term referring to the press fraction that receives the most pressure & therefore extracts a coarser, more inelegand juice; used for distillation.

71
Q

What is mutage?

A

A winemaking technique whereby neutral grape spirit is added to a fermenting must in order to arrest fermentation, boost alcohol, & leave residuatl sugar in the finished wine.

72
Q

What is Pajarete?

A

Also spelled “Paxarete” or “Paxarette”;
A fortified sweet wine primarily crafted from Pedro Ximenez and/or Moscatel grapes;
From DO Malaga.

73
Q

What is panal?

A

A limestone-rich silty loam common to DO Montsant in Cataluna.

74
Q

What is parra?

A

A wire trellis affixed atop (granite) posts to form a grape parral/pergola.

75
Q

What is parral?

A

Spanish for pergola; an overhead trellising system that allows for maximum air circulation w/in & around the canopy;
Promotes more even ripening & helps to prevent mildew.

76
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

A sap-sucking insect that feeds on the roots & leaves of grapevines leaving open wounds that lead to fungus infection plus uncontrolled cell growth that blocks the upward flow of nutrients to the vine; both scenarios result in the death of Vitis vinifera.

77
Q

What is Picon?

A

A synonym for lapilli; a volcanic, pebbly soil found in the Canary Islands.

78
Q

What is pie franco?

A

A term referring to an ungrafted grapevine; meaning “free-footed.”

79
Q

What is Poniente?

A

A cool, humid westerly or northwesterly wind that opposes the easterly Levante in southern Spain.

80
Q

What is primera yema?

A

Term for free-run juice in sherry production;
Typically used for the production of Fino sherries.

81
Q

What is rancio?

A

Wines w/ an extremely oxidized character.

82
Q

What are ranas?

A

Terraces on which vines are planted.

83
Q

What are rayas?

A

Sherries that have spent time outside baking in the sun for 1-2 years;
Typically blended w/ sweetening agents to craft dessert sherries.

84
Q

What is the Reconquista?

A

Spanish for “reconquest;”
Refers to the reclaiming of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian forces & the subsequent expulsion of the Moors/Islam.

85
Q

What is Rectified Concentrated Grape Must?

A

A clear, odorless sugar solution derived from grape must; used in sherry production to add sweetness w/o altering color, aroma or flavor.

86
Q

What is Reserva?

A

An aging category;
Vinos tintos must be aged min. 36 months in total of which a min. 12 months must be spent in barrel;
Vinos blancos & rosados must be aged a min. 24 months in total of which a min. 6 months must be in barrel.
This is also a designation for DO Cava & indicates a min. 15 months sur lie aging;
It is also a designation for Espumosos de Calidad de Rioja & indicates a min. 24 months sur lie aging.

87
Q

What is Reserva Cava?

A

A cava that spends a min. 15 months on its lees (as opposed to the 9-month min. for traditional cava).

88
Q

What is Ria?

A

A submerged river valley that is often branched or tree-like in shape w/ irregular banks of various elevations; not formed by glacier action.

89
Q

What is Ribera Sacra Summum?

A

A special designation created by DO Ribeira Sacra for red wines that contain a min. 85% preferred varieties, including a min. 60% Mencia;
White wines must contain 100% of preferred varieties.

90
Q

What is Rosado de Aguja?

A

A semi-sparkling rose from VC Valles de Benavente whose effervesence is achieved through a small injection of carbon dioxide..

91
Q

What is ruedos?

A

A soil type found in DO Mountilla-Moriles;
Sandy topsoil atop a clay subsoil.

92
Q

What is Saignee?

A

French for “bleeding the tank” or “sangrado;”
A technique employed to craft vino rosado.

93
Q

What is Sangrado?

A

Spanish for “saignee” or “bleeding the tank;”
A technique employed to craft vino rosado.

94
Q

What is Saulo?

A

Decomposed granitic sands common to DO Montsant in Cataluna.

95
Q

What is segunda yema?

A

Term referring to the juice extracted from the first gentle pressing of the must in sherry production;
Typically used for the production of Oloroso sherries.

96
Q

What is Sobremadre?

A

Literally translates as “with the mother;”
A fermentation technique whereby a portion of the solids remain w/ the unfiltered wine for 90-180 days;
These slightly effervescent wines are bottled directly from the fermentation vessel w/o clarification or filtration.

97
Q

What is sobretabla?

A

An intermediate stage in the sherry classification process.

98
Q

What is Solano?

A

Another name for the Levante wind;
An easterly wind that brings hot, dry weather to the Andalusian Plain in the spring & summer.

99
Q

What is soleo/asoleado?

A

A process in which grapes are dried on straw mats in DO Montilla-Moriles;
Concentrates sugars & doubles the potential alcohol.

100
Q

What is Sweet PX?

A

A sweet wine made from sun-dried Pedro Ximenez grapes;
Made in DO Montilla-Moriles.

101
Q

What is Tarragona Clasico?

A

A designation w/in DO Tarragona for a high-alcohol vino dulce crafted from overripe grapes which are aged for 12 years in large oak containers;
This wine is sometimes put into a solera system.

102
Q

What are tinaja?

A

Large, earthenware jar used for fermentation & wine storage.

103
Q

What is Tostado do Ribeiro?

A

A sweet, fortified white wine from DO Ribeiro, Galicia, whose popularity engendered a vineyard planting craze in the area in the 17th & 18th centuries.

104
Q

What is the Tramontana?

A

A strong, cool, dry north wind that blows through Cataluna & Las Islas Baleares in the autumn, winter, & spring.

105
Q

What is Txakoli?

A

A Basque wine of local tradition that was brough back into commercial production during the 1980s by a group of dedicated wine producers.

106
Q

What is Valdeorras Castas Nobles?

A

A designation in DO Valdeorras which is awarded to wines produced w/ at least 85% of the preferred varieties.

107
Q

What is vara y pulgar?

A

Literally translated, “Stick and thumb;”
A cane & spur pruning system used in DOs Jerez-Xeres-Sherry & Manzanilla-Sanlucar de Barrameda & DOCa Rioja.

108
Q

What is Vi de Finca?

A

Until 2019, the highest quality designation in DOQ Priorat;
This designation was superseded by the Vinya Classificada & Gran Vinya Classificada single-vineyard designation.

109
Q

What is Vi de Paratge?

A

A vineyard classification in DOQ Priorat (similar to Lieu-dit in Burgundy) which delimits sites (paratges) according to geological & topographical features.

110
Q

What is Vi de Vila?

A

A high-profile village designation in DOQ Priorat & the first of its kind to incorporate historic & social factors into its charter;
Wines are labeled as this accompanied by the name of an approved sub-zone.

111
Q

What is Vino (de Espana)?

A

Refers to wines previously bottled as Vino de Mesa;
This designation represents the lowest rung on the Spanish wine quality pyramid.
Wines are produced w/o any specific geographic indication outside of country of origin;
Grape variety & harvest year may appear on the label.

112
Q

What is vino blanco?

A

Spanish for “white wine.”

113
Q

What is Vino de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica (VC)?

A

A wine categorty that designates wines produced w/in a particular region using grapes grown in the same area whose quality & reputation are due to that specific geographic environment;
And intermediary category between VT & DO.

114
Q

What is Vino de Indicacion Geografica Protegida (IGP)?

A

Spanish for “Protected Geographical Indication” (PGI): an EU wine category w/ less strict production guidelines than DO/DOCa;
Wines are expected to reflect the region or specific place where they are produced.
Spain’s Vino de la Tierra (VT) designation falls under this category.

115
Q

What is Vino de a Tierra (VT)?

A

Spanish for “country wines;”
Wines in this IGP quality category hail from a particular area & possess identifiable local characteristics;
They are made w/ more relaxed viticultural & vinicultural standards than those of the DO/DOCa regions.

116
Q

What is Vino de Licor?

A

Spanish for “fortified wine”

117
Q

What is Vino de Mesa?

A

The lowest category on the Spanish wine quality pyramid;
Now labeled as Vino (de Espana).

118
Q

What is Vino de Pago (VP)?

A

A Spanish wine category for highly regarded single-estate wines that have unique soils and/or mesoclimates;
Many lie outside established DO areas.

119
Q

What is Vino de Tea?

A

White, rose, & red wines aged for a max. 6 months in Canary Island pine (“tea”) barrels.

120
Q

What is vino dulce?

A

Spanish for “sweet wine”

121
Q

What is vino espumoso?

A

Spanish for “sparkling wine”

122
Q

What is vino generoso?

A

A dry, fortified wine.

123
Q

What is vino generoso de licor?

A

A sweet, fortified wine.

124
Q

What is Vino Naranja?

A

An aromatized sweet wine made w/ the rinds of bitter oranges;
Made in DO Condado de Huelva.

125
Q

What is vino rosado?

A

Spanish for “rose wine.”

126
Q

What is vino tinto?

A

Spanish for “red wine.”

127
Q

What is vino tostado?

A

Sweet, fortified, white wine made from sun-dried grapes in DO Ribeiro.

128
Q

What is vinos de color?

A

Wines used to deepen the color of sherry.

129
Q

What is Vinos de Municipio?

A

Spanish for “village wines;”
A wine category in DOCa Rioja designating wine made from a single village.

130
Q

What is Vinos de Zona?

A

A sub-regional designation w/in DOCa Rioja;
Mostly used by producers in Rioja Alavesa & Rioja Alta.

131
Q

What is Vinya Classificada?

A

A single-vineyard classification in DOQ Priorat (similar to Premier Cru in Burgundy);
Supercedes the Vi de Finca designation.

132
Q

What is Vinyes Velles?

A

Catalan for “old vines;”
A designation allowed in DOQ Priorat for vines at least 75 years old or planted prior to 1945.

133
Q

What is Vinedo Singular?

A

Spanish for “single vineyard;”
A single-vineyard label designation in DOCa Rioja w/ specific quality parameters including lower yields, & hand-harvested fruit from vines that are at least 35 years of age.

134
Q

What is Zona de Crianza?

A

Literally translates as “Aging & Maturing Zone;”
The area encompassing the towns of Jerez de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa Maria, & San Lucar de Barrameda where sherry may be aged;
Also known as the “Sherry Triangle.”

135
Q

What is Zona de Produccion?

A

Literally translates as “Production Zone;”
Refers to the 9 towns which the Consejo Regulador considers suitable for growing grapes to be used in the production of sherry & Manzanilla;
Soils include albariza, arenas, & barros.

Spanish Wine Scholar (31 decks)

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