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Sociology: Education > Social Policy > Flashcards

Social Policy Flashcards

1
Q

Left wing

A

Think education unequal. Wanted equality. Social democratic perspectives

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2
Q

Right wing

A

Think education is fair. Wants it traditional. Neoliberal perspectives

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3
Q

Term: social democratic perspectives

A

Like to see greater equality in education. Should provide equality regardless of metriocracy. Usually labour

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4
Q

Term: neoliberal perspective

A

Favor of private businesses and free market because believe competition improves standards. Usually conservative

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5
Q

What was the 1944 Butter Education Act?

A

Tripartite System= 3 types of secondary school sorted into by doing 11 plus exam
1). Pass= grammar school- bio, chem, lit
2). Fail= secondary modern- clean, iron
3). Fail but excel in technical= technical- engineering

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6
Q

What was the 1965 compensatory education?

A

Where all students regardless of academic ability attended the same type of school, everyone in the catchment area will go to the school. Geographically selected students.

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7
Q

Problems with 1965 comprehensive education policy

A

Many comprehensives have catchment areas dominated to one class of people so wasn’t much mixing. Middle class students still did better than working class. Setting and streaming still existed

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8
Q

Advantage of 1965 comprehensive education

A

Enables all to get same education, bridge class differences

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9
Q

Evaluation of 1965 comprehensive education

A

Hargreaves 1967 claimed that inequality hadn’t disappeared it was just under one roof

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10
Q

Advantages of the butler education act

A

Education catered to the students ability

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11
Q

Disadvantages of the butler education act

A
  • middle class pay for child to get support for 11 plus
  • not many technical schools built
  • conflict between MC and WC
  • students saw themselves as failures if didn’t get into grammar schools
  • economic problems- decline of uni applicants- lack of academic skilled workforce
  • 11 plus questions culturally biased favouring MC
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12
Q

What is the 1979 policy

A

Vocational education

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13
Q

What did the 1979 policy do?

A

Introduced qualifications for working life in schools (vocational education) and completed in work places (vocational training)

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14
Q

Cohen 1979

A

Real purpose of vocational training is to create ‘cheap labour’ for employers

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15
Q

Who hated vocational education and why ?

A

Marxist- bc it paid them less, cheap labour

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16
Q

Finn 1979

A

Vocational schemes had hidden policitcal agendas:
- used to cover up embarrassing unemployment stats
- undermines power of trade unions
- was intended to help reduce crime by getting young people off the streets

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17
Q

Which sociologists criticised the 1979 polic?

A

Cohen and Finn

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18
Q

What is the 1988 policy?

A

Education Reform Act

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19
Q

What did the 1988 policy do ?

A

Introduced competition in schools to improve quality-
Government changed way schools funded- formula funding. Had to attract more students so had to get better grades. League tables and OFSTED introduced for parents to compare

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20
Q

What did marketisation create ? + what is it ?

A

Parentocracy- an education system based on parents having free choice of school

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21
Q

Ball

A

Parentocracy is a myth- not all parents have freedom to choose which school to send their children to

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22
Q

Gerwitz

A

Middle class parents have more economic capital so bettere able to take advantage for decisions

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23
Q

Leech and compas

A

Afford to move to good catchment area

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24
Q

What is the 1997 policy ?

A

New Labour policy- The Third Way ( left + right wing)

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25
Q

How did the 1997 policy decrease inequality?

A
  • extra reasources in disadvantage areas to help overcome disadvantage
  • new schools- academies ensure no child ed in ineffective school
  • compensatory education schemes
  • rising of school leave to 18
  • EMA- ed maintenance allowance
  • specialist schools- additional funding
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26
Q

How did the 1997 policy NOT decrease inequality ?

A
  • schools specialises in 1 of 10 areas and select up to 10% of pupils. Increases choice
  • league tables used + more details published
  • provided education, training, vocational work for unemployed young- prevents joining long term unem
  • NVQ’s into vocational GCSE and A Levels to improve status of vocational qualification
  • tuition fees
  • failure to scrap private education
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27
Q

What is a first wave academy?

A

By New Labour- failing schools in working class areas funded by third party

28
Q

What is a second wave academy ?

A

Coalition - outstanding schools had full control over their budget

29
Q

What is the difference between 1st and 2nd wave academies ?

A

1st wave academies are schools which are failing so funded by third party whilst 2nd wave academies are outstanding schools which have full control over their budget

30
Q

What is the advantages of academies?

A

Choose where to spend money- can save their money through catering and spend more on improving
Freedom.

31
Q

What are the 2010 coalition policies ?

A
  • free schools
  • higher tuition fees
  • The Public Premium- extra cash to schools for disadvantaged students
  • removal of EMA
  • new style of GCSE’s 1-9
  • new style of A levels- linear, exam at end of Y13
  • narrower curriculum
32
Q

What is the general principle behind coalition policies ?

A

To reduce the role of the state in the provision of education through marketisation and privation

33
Q

What are Free Schools ?

A

Schools funded by the state where they are set up and directed by parents and teachers

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of Free Schools ?

A

They only benefit children from highly educated families- have knowledge and confidence MC.
Socially divisive
Lower standards

35
Q

What is fragmentation within the school system ?

A

Comprehensive system being replaced by patchwork of diverse provision which leads to greater inequality.
Means there are many types of schools.

36
Q

What is centralisation of control ?

A

Where the central government has power alone to allow schools to become academies/ allow free schools to be set up

37
Q

what did the 2015 policies introduce ?

A
  • 8% cut in education funding
  • move to ebacc
  • exams more difficult
  • more free schools
  • widespread academisation
  • T levels
  • more grammar schools
38
Q

what are the types of privation according to Ball and Youdell ?

A
  • endogenous
  • exogenous
39
Q

what is endogenous privation ?

A

privation within education system ( operating more like private business )

40
Q

what is exogenous privation?

A

privation from outside education system. companies getting involved with day to day workings of school

41
Q

examples of exogenous privation

A
  • school inspections
  • school services like staff training, development and building maintenance
42
Q

what is the cola-isation of education

A

idea that big companies target education for profit

43
Q

what are PFI schemes?

A

private finance initiative where private sector finances manage school buildings

44
Q

what are tribal inspections responsible for ?

A

running school inspections on behalf of OFSTED. was stopped due to concerns over selection, training and quality of inspectors employed

45
Q

advantages of exogenous privation ?

A

more choice for parents, profit motive encourage private companies to provide schools

46
Q

disadvantages of exogenous privation ?

A

schools not having control to fix/improve schools
have to request- time consuming
pay interest on paying back
concerns over quality

47
Q

what is globalisation ?

A

increased interconnectedness of societies so what happens in one locality is shaped by distant events in another

48
Q

what is PISA? and how does it help ?

A

programme for international student assessment, countries like Brazil and Germany changed their education policy to improve ranking

49
Q

how was the UK educational policies influenced?

A

longer school days and fewer holidays to match top performing East Asian nations
introduction of academies as schools independent from local authority control

50
Q

examples of globalisation and education

A
  • international comparison of grades PISA
  • variety of schools
  • increase immigration means English additional language students need more support
  • British schools adapt to keep up with global economy
  • global terrorism led to schools introducing programmes such as PREVENT to reduce risk of being groomed into terrorism
51
Q

what does Ball say about globalisation and higher education ?

A

unis increasingly marketing themselves to global market as pay more in fees

52
Q

what does Hancock say about globalisation and higher education ?

A

estimated educational exports from UK estimated £18 billion to UK economy each year

53
Q

criticisms of globalisation

A
  • doesn’t go far enough- UK curriculum still ethnocentric
  • costly- implementing some initiates expensive and short lived
  • international ranking systems focus on limited subject areas
  • comparing ed system doesn’t take cultural differences into account
54
Q

what are policies impacting social class ?

A
  • 1944 tripartie system- WC underperform
  • 1965 comprehensive education- inequalities bc catchment areas
  • 1979 vocational education- WC directed lower paid jobs
  • 1988 marketisation- MC more choice shop around
  • 1997 student loans, tuition fees, league tables
55
Q

what are policies impacting gender ?

A
  • 1988 national curriculum
  • coalition removal of coursework
    these highlight gender gap
56
Q

what are policies impacting ethnicity ?

A

1988 national curriculum

57
Q

conservative govenerment policies impact on social class

A
  • marketisation widens inequalities
  • national curriculum= less value on vocational ed
  • completion between schools= MC move into catchment areas
  • better performing schools= more funding, gap widens
58
Q

new labour policies impact on social class

A
  • EMA and Sure Start- tackle material and cultural deprivation
  • focus of raising WC boy’s aspirations
59
Q

Coalition and Conservative policies impact on social class

A
  • continuing marketisation= further inequalities
  • EMA cut
  • uni fees uncapped so can charge more
  • narrower curriculum= benefits MC
60
Q

conservative government policies impacting gender

A
  • girls results improve due to national curriculum
  • coursework intro, improving girls results
  • GIST and WISE to get girls into science and tech
61
Q

new labour policies impacting gender

A
  • continuing coursework= girls performance increasing
  • compensatory policies aimed at encouraging boys to improve literacy
62
Q

coalition and conservative policies impact on gender

A
  • reduction of coursework and emphasis on written exams- suits boys
63
Q

conservative policies impacting ethnic groups

A
  • increasing parental choice disadvantages some who are unable to play the system
64
Q

new labour policies impact on ethnic groups

A

education action zones in inner cities with high proportion of ethnic minorities + academies raise standards of failing schools in poorer areas

65
Q

coalition and conservative policies impact on ethnic groups

A

greater emphasis placed on marketisation- disadvantaging ethnic groups. less funding for poorer students

Sociology: Education (15 decks)

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