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AGRI 21 - LECTURE > ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

branch of physiology that deals with the study of the endocrine system

A

endocrinology

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2
Q

interacting group of glands that secrete hormones, helping to control functions of cells and organs throughout body

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine gland and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effects

A

hormone

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4
Q

hormones may be classified as:

A

simple protein, glycoprotein, and steroids

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5
Q

properties and functions of hormones:

A
  • regulate, than initiate reactions
  • effective in biocatalytic (complete) quantities
  • not secreted in uniform rates
  • inactivated rapidly at site of action or some other gland/organ
  • transported to target organs
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6
Q

bind specific hormone and directly/indirectly trigger a metabolic effect

A

hormone receptors

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7
Q

called ductless glands bcs they have no ducts connecting them to specific body parts

A

endocrine organs

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8
Q

main link between endocrine and nervous system; maintains homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

under hypothalamus, at sphenoid bone called sella turcica that protects it from outside pressure

A

hypophysis or pituitary gland

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10
Q

3 regions of hypophysis / pituitary gland:

A

adenohypophysis (anterior); neurohypophysis (posterior); pars intermedia (intermediate lobe)

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11
Q

can make its own hormones

A

adenohypophysis / anterior lobe

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12
Q

does not make its own hormones

A

neurohypophysis / posterior

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13
Q

(secreted by anterior) promotes growth and cell reproduction

A

growth hormone / somatotropic hormone (STH)

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14
Q

over secretion of GH / STH leads BEFORE puberty leads to

A

gigantism

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15
Q

over secretion of GH / STH leads AFTER puberty leads to

A

acromegaly

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16
Q

deficiency of GH / STH during growth development leads to

A

dwarfism

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17
Q

(secreted by anterior) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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18
Q

(secreted by anterior) stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones / normal functioning of thyroid gland

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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19
Q

(secreted by anterior) stimulates milk secretion in lactating mammary glands

A

prolactin (PRL) or luteotropic hormone (LTH)

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20
Q

(secreted by anterior) stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles; maintains integrity of seminiferous tubules, stimulates spermatogenesis

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

21
Q

(secreted by anterior) stimulates ovulation of mature follicles; also called ICSH in male, stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig cells) to produce testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

22
Q

poikilothermic vertebrates can rapidly adapt to color of bg over w/c they reside because of their ________

A

chromatophores

23
Q

the chromatophores of poikilotherms are (3):

A

xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores

24
Q

(secreted by intermediate) stimulates dermal chromatophores of poikilothermic vertebrates to aggregate / disperse pigments, producing color change

A

melanocyte/melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH)

25
Q

(secreted by posterior) stimulates milk ejection; contraction of uterine muscles during birth

A

oxytocin

26
Q

(secreted by posterior) promotes water reabsorption in kidney tubules

A

vasopression / antidiuritic hormone (ADH)

27
Q

what happens when ADH is not neutralized or not released?

A

diuresis or excessive urination

28
Q

maintains level of metabolism in tissues that us optimal for normal thyroid function; produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

thyroid gland

29
Q

(under thyroid gland) these increase the metabolic rate of the body

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

30
Q

(under thyroid gland) deposits calcium from the blood to the bones, lowering blood calcium level

A

calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin

31
Q

in the case of iodide deficiency, the thyroid becomes large and is called ______

A

simple goiter

32
Q

located at duodenal loop of small intestine; both an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancreas (islets of langerhans)

33
Q

this ____ produced by ____ cells in pancreas increase blood glucose

A

glucagon; alpha cells

34
Q

this ____ produced by ____ cells in pancreas lowers blood glucose by facilitating entry into target cells

A

insulin; beta cells

35
Q

insulin excess causes ______; while insulin deficiency causes ______

A

excess = hypoglycemia; deficiency = diabetes mellitus

36
Q

glucagon deficiency causes _____; while excess makes _______

A

hypoglycemia; makes diabetes worse

37
Q

3rd hormone that plays a role in the regulation of islet cell secretion

A

somatostatin

38
Q

outer adrenal gland (cortex) secretes ______ that has 3 types of cells/zones that are:

A

steroid hormones; 1. zona glomerulosa; 2 and 3: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

39
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes _______ that reabsorbs sodium in kidney tubules

A

aldosterone

40
Q

zona fasculata and zona reticularis both secrete _________ that are important for carbohydrate metabolism, mobilizes glucose

A

glucocorticoids

41
Q

inner adrenal gland (medulla) secrete ______ and ________

A

epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) - fight or flight / emergency hormones

42
Q

secreted by parathyroid gland (chief cells) that increases blood calcium by mobilizing it from the reserves

A

parathormone (PTH)

43
Q

2 types of cells under parathyroid gland

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

44
Q

disorder that is characterized by failure of normal mineralization of bone in young or adults; due to lack of vitamin D

A

rickets / osteomalacia

45
Q

gonads (ovary) secrete this female sex hormone that is responsible for manifestation of secondary sex characters in females

A

estrogen

46
Q

gonads (ovary) secrete this hormone that maintains pregnancy

A

progesterone

47
Q

gonads (ovary) secrete this hormone that relaxes pubic ligaments, soften and enlarge the opening to the cervix during birth

A

relaxin

48
Q

gonads (testis) secrete this male sex hormone that is responsible for sex characters in males

A

testosterone / androgen

AGRI 21 - LECTURE (6 decks)

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