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Cardiology > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

marker vascular inflammation

A

CRP

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2
Q

difference in vascular remodelling between small and large arteries

A

small arteries undergo inward eutrophic remodelling leading to increased peripheral resistance

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3
Q

hypertrophic remodelling of large arteries result in

A

increase in vascular stiffness

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4
Q

inward eutrophic remodelling is mediated by

A

RAAS

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5
Q

hypertrophic remodelling is mediated by

A

sympathetic discharge

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6
Q

site of AT2 receptors

A

adrenal medulla,uterus,ovary

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7
Q

prohypertensive adipokines

A

leptin, angiotensinogen, resistin, retinol binding protein (RBP4), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), fatty acids, sex steroids, and growth factors

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8
Q

antihypertensive adipokine

A

adiponectin

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9
Q

In which condition elevated plasma and urine catecholamines mimic pheochromocytoma

A

OSA

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10
Q

Effect of sex hormones on BP

A

estrogen effects unclear
exogenous estrogen increases
testosterone increases BP

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11
Q

avereage BP rise caused by each cigarrette

A

7/4

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12
Q

protective factor in coffee

A

polyphenols

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13
Q

magnesium deficiency is common in

A

diabetics

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14
Q

nutrient supplementation helpful in hypertension

A

potassium-magnesium-citrate

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15
Q

Falsely positive aldosterone to renin ratios used for screening for primary aldosteronism.

A

luteal phase of menstrual cycle

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16
Q

SMOKING induced rise in BP is not attenuated by which anti hypertensive

A

non selective beta blockers

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17
Q

effect of sibutramine on BP

A

decreases central sympathetic outflow but increases peripheral sympathetic discharge

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18
Q

benefits of moderate sodium reduction

A 
Decreased incidence of
  osteoporosis
  cataract
  stomach cancer 
  stroke
  asthma
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19
Q

Sodium restriction enhances the antihypertensive efficacy of all drugs except

A

calcium channel blockers

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20
Q

Antihypertensive that affects exercise capacity

A

beta blockers

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21
Q

Sexual activity is equivalent to stage ________ of bruce protocol

A

2 for men and 1 for women

22
Q

one portion of alcohol is equivalent to

A

12g of ethanol

23
Q

recommended alcohol intake

A

one portion for women

two portions for men

24
Q

antihypertensive effect of beetroot juice is because of

A

nitrate

25
Q

vegetable that can lower BP

A

garlic

26
Q

sedative that can lower BP

A

melatonin 2.5mg at bedtime

27
Q

Nutrient that can reduce BP

A

high folate intake

28
Q

Long acting and short acting antihypertensives in each class

A

Metoprolol Vs atenolol(s)
trandolopril Vs enlapril
amlodipine Vs felodipine

29
Q

vasodilating beta blocker

A

nebivolol

30
Q

antihypertensives used if Cr>1.5

A

loops

metolazone

31
Q

Which is better?

chlorthalidone or hydrochlorthiazide

A

chlorthalidone

32
Q

Advantages of indapamide

A

no effect on lipid profile
regression of LVH
decreses microalbuminuria

33
Q

Pts who respond better to thiazides

A

elders,probably because of renin hyporesponsiveness

34
Q

antihypertensives that provide better protection against strokes

A

thiazides

35
Q

The need for a diuretic is lessened with use of which antihypertensives

A

ARB
ACEI
CCB

36
Q

Time required for full anti hypertensive effects of low dose thiazides

A

4 weeks

37
Q

causes of resistance to diuretics

A

excessive Na intake
renal insufficiency
NSAID

38
Q

repletion of diuretic induced hypokalemia..drug used and why?

A

Kcl
replacement of intracellular K+
correction of alkalosis

39
Q

role of pot citrate and bicarbonate in diuretic induced hypokalemia

A

osteoporosis

renal stones

40
Q

Treatment of diuretic induced hyperuricemia

A

probenecid

losartan

41
Q

Insulin resistance due to thiazides closely correlates with

A

hypokalemia

42
Q

Why loops are given as 1-1-0

A

To act at time of salt intake

to avoid nocturia

43
Q

Bumetanide is __________ times more potent than frusemide

A

40

44
Q

How does torsemide differ from other diuretics

A

eliminated by liver

45
Q

loop with longer duration of action

A

torsemide

12 hrs

46
Q

side effects of amiloride

A

Nausea
Flatulence
skin rash

47
Q

why triamterene is contraindicated in pregnancy

A

It is a folic acid antagonist

48
Q

adverse effect of triamterene

A

renal stones

49
Q

use of aldosterone antagonists

A 
adjunct to thiazides
refractory HT
anti arrythmogenic
prevent proteinuria in DKD
improve diastolic function
50
Q

adverse effects of spironolactone

A

Hyperkalemia
gynacomastia
upper GI bleed

Cardiology (16 decks)

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