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IB Biology HL > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Three main components of diet

A

Lipids, carbs, and proteins

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2
Q

Dietary Fiber

A

part of the diet that cannot be digested, comes in three types: insoluble, soluble, and prebiotic

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3
Q

Insoluble Fiber

A

type of fiber that absorbs fluid and adds bulk to stool

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4
Q

Soluble Fiber

A

type of fiber that collects waste products, chemicals, hormones, etc, and prevents them from being reabsorbed into the intestines

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5
Q

Prebiotic Fiber

A

type of fiber that feeds bacteria in GI tract

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6
Q

Essential component of diet

A

a component of the diet that MUST be consumed, and cannot be synthesized by the human body

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7
Q

Non-essential component of diet

A

a component of the diet that can be consumed, but can also be made in the human body (ex. Vitamin D)

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8
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids, split into two categories: omega-3 and omega-6

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9
Q

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A

fatty acid necessary for heart health, helps with production of hormones (ex. alpha-linoleic acid, ALA)

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10
Q

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

A

fatty acid necessary for immune response and inflammation (ex. linoleic acid, LA)

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11
Q

How many amino acids are essential for an adult?

A

9 amino acids

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12
Q

Non-essential vitamins

A

Vitamin D and Vitamin K

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

contraction of the gut muscles

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14
Q

Vitamin A

A

vitamin necessary for vision and immune system

found in fish, dairy products, and eggs

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15
Q

Vitamin B12

A

vitamin required to transform Iron into red blood cells, also helps in DNA production

found in animal products like eggs and milk

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16
Q

Vitamin C

A

vitamin responsible for wound healing and protecting cells, involved in scurvy

found in citrus fruits like oranges and in broccoli

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17
Q

Vitamin D

A

vitamin responsible for Ca2+ reabsorption in the bones, also plays a role in depression. low levels creates rickets

found in oily fish and eggs

18
Q

Vitamin E

A

vitamin that acts as an anti-oxidant, prevents damage to cells

found in nuts and fish

19
Q

Vitamin K

A

vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting and bone metabolism

found in kale and other leafy greens

20
Q

Hormones that regulate appetite

A

leptin, ghrelin, and T3 (Triiodothyronine)

21
Q

Leptin

A

hormone released in the adipose tissue, creates feelings of satiety long term

22
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone involved with feelings of hunger, abnormally high levels in patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome, released in the gastric fundus of the stomach

23
Q

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

A

hormone involved with metabolism, released in the thyroid

24
Q

Where is the appetite control center?

A

the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

25
Q

Minimum BMI to be obese

A

30 or higher

26
Q

How can obesity lead to hypertension?

A
  1. Excess body fat -> increased leptin production -> increased # of blood vessels
  2. Increased blood volume
27
Q

Starvation

A

a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain life

28
Q

Which body stores are used first in starvation?

A

carbs, then adipose, then protein

29
Q

Symptoms of Starvation

A
  1. Chronic Fatigue
  2. Mental fog/trouble concentrating
  3. Feeling cold/having chills
  4. Slower healing times
  5. Depression
  6. Anxiety
  7. Irritability
  8. Insomnia
  9. Loss of interest in food
30
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by an obsession with food or body weight, often due to fear of becoming overweight. Tends to have low body weight and excessive exercise

31
Q

PKU

A

disease caused by mutation of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. can lead to severe mental disability and behavioral problems

32
Q

Osteomalacia

A

soft bone disease, caused by inadequate mineralization of the bones, usually due to a vitamin D deficiency

33
Q

Why is vitamin D non-essential?

A

it can be synthesized by the body with sun exposure

33
Q

Where is Vitamin D stored?

A

the liver and fat tissue

34
Q

Where is cholesterol made?

A

the liver

35
Q

Lipoproteins

A

the form in which cholesterol is carried in the bloodstream

36
Q

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

lipoprotein that helps body get rid of excess cholesterol and brings cholesterol to the liver to prevent buildup in arteries

37
Q

Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

lipoprotein that causes plaque buildup in arteries because it brings cholesterol to the arteries

38
Q

Approximate energy of carbohydrate

A

16.7 kJ/g

39
Q

Approximate energy of lipid

A

37.7 kJ/g

40
Q

Approximate energy of protein

A

16.7 kJ/g

41
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, and Vitamin E

IB Biology HL (12 decks)

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