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Backbone Academy > Thoracolumbar Theory > Flashcards

Thoracolumbar Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the withers in a dog and a horse respectively?

A

Canine: T2-6
Horse: T3-8

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2
Q

What is the anticlinal vertebra in a dog and horse respectively?

A

C: T11
E: T16
(2 less than their total thoracic vert)

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3
Q

What is the inclination above T16 in a horse?

A

Caudal inclination

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4
Q

What do you call the overlapping of spinous processes?

A

Imbrication

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5
Q

What increases stability in the lumbar spine in a horse and dog respectively?

A

Horse: Intertransverse joints
Canine: Accessory processes

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6
Q

Where do accessory processes begin and end in a dog?

A

Mid thoracic to L5-6

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7
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae in a horse and dog respectively?

A

C: T13
E: T18

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8
Q

What orientation do the cranial and caudal thoracic vertebrae have respectively?

A

Coronal : Sagittal

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9
Q

How many joint surfaces does a thoracic vertebrae have?

A

12:
2 cranial facets
2 caudal facets
2 IVD
2 Costotransverse joint surfaces
4 demi facets

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10
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do dogs and horses have respectively?

A

C: 7
H: 5-6

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11
Q

Where can you find inter transverse joints on a horse?

A

L4-S1

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12
Q

Where can you find accessory process in the lumbar spine for a dog?

A

L3-4
not needed anymore caudal than L5-6

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13
Q

What orientation do the facet joints have in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Sagital

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14
Q

Name the major extensors of the back

A

Longissimus dorsi
Ileocostalis

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15
Q

Name the major Flexors of the back

A

Psoas major
Psoas minor
Quadratus lumborum
Abdominal muscles

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16
Q

The lack of what structure allows for more flexion and extension in the lumbar spine of a horse?

A

Lack of supraspinous ligmanet

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17
Q

What is the couple motion in the lumbar spine?

A

Axial rotation with lateral flexion

18
Q

All neurones of the brain are:
unipolar?
bipolar?
multipolar?

A

Multipolar

19
Q

What must a cell do to maintain a perfect membrane potential and stay healthy?

A

Cell has to work!

20
Q

Where in the CNS in the first perception of pain?

A

Thalamus

21
Q

Where the major control centre for the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

22
Q

Name the parts of the brainstem from rostral to caudal

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

23
Q

Afferent pathways bring

Sensory?
Motor?

A

Sensory

24
Q

What tract in the spine do ALL the peripheral sympathetic fibres run?

A

Intermedial-lateral cell column (IML)

25
Q

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic fibres found?

A

III (Oculomotor)
VII (facial)
IX (Glossopharyngeal)
X (Vagus)

26
Q

What type of receptors are the greatest by number in the body?

A

Mechanoreceptors

27
Q

What is the main source of excitation of mechanoreceptors in the body?

A

Gravity

28
Q

Where the is the final destination of sensory input in the cerebrum?

A

Somato-sensory cortex

29
Q

Input from mechanoreceptors travels to the cortex via what pathway? describe its pathway

A

Dorsal tract;
Receptor - DRG - Ipsilateral dorsal tract - thalamus = decussates = medial lemniscus

30
Q

What part of the body does the gracil and cuneate fasciculus carry information for respectively?

A

Gracil = caudal part of body below T6

Cuneate: Cranial body above T6

31
Q

80% of cortical output is what?

A

Inhibitory

32
Q

What contains considerable amounts of mechanoreceptors in the body?

A

Intrinsic muscles

33
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs does a dog and horse have respectively?

A

C:
1-8 cervical spine
1-13 thoracic spine
1-7 lumbar spine
1-3 sacral spine
1-5 tail

E:
1-8 cervical
1-18 thoracic
1-6 lumbar
1-5 Sacrum
1-5 tail

34
Q

What spinal cord segments make up the brachial plexus?

A

C6-T2

35
Q

What nerve supplies the deep digital flexors? What nerve roots can affect this for the horse and dog respectively?

A

Ulna
(E)T1-2; (C) C8-T1

36
Q

What nerve supplies the elbow extensors? What nerve roots can affect this for the horse and dog respectively?

A

Radial
(E) C8-T1; (C) T7-T1

37
Q

How much gap should there be between the panels of a saddle?

A

3-4 fingers

38
Q

What can you use to heat an area up quickly in a horse and dog?

A

Moist heat

39
Q

What is a common cause of lumbar problems?

A

The viscera-somatic reflex

40
Q

What is the proposed mechanism of both Ultrasound and Laser Therapy respectively?

A

US:
Increased cellular activities. Increased cell permeability; Decreased adhesions

Laser:
Pain suppressing; Anti-inflammatory; Increase in ATP

41
Q

Is lordosis or kyphosis commonly seen in geriatric or inactive animals?

A

Lordosis

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