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Environmental Biology and Ecology > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

group of individuals belonging to the same species living in the same habitat or interbreeding and sharing genetic information

A

population

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2
Q

has a unique physical distribution in time and space

A

population

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3
Q

contains members of different ages and its size or density is likely to change over time, increasing or decreasing according to the reproductive success of its members

A

population

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4
Q

understanding this is important for interpreting census or survey data for population control

A

population dynamics

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5
Q

four primary ecological events that influence population are:

A

natality
mortality
immigration
emigration

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6
Q

mathematically, this relationship can be expressed in the following simple equation

A

change in pop. density = (natality+immigration) - (deaths+emigration)

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7
Q

factors, both biotic and abiotic, affecting the births, deaths, immigration or emigration, producing an impact to population density

A

secondary ecological events

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8
Q

may also affect the frequency, extent, magnitude, or duration of a primary ecological event

A

secondary ecological evnts

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9
Q

act as population regulating factors, and are also regarded as environmental resistance whenever the limit a population from its maximum reproductive potential

A

secondary ecological events

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10
Q

secondary ecological events can be divided into two broad categories

A

independent factors
density-dependent factors

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11
Q

could result to increased mortality decreasing population density

A

natural calamities

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12
Q

might result to prey natality allowing its population to grow

A

inactivity of predators

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13
Q

include events or conditions that are usually weather- or climate-related

A

density independent factors

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14
Q

affects all members of the population in similar ways, regardless of its size or density

A

density independent factors

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15
Q

Factors whose effects on the population is constant regardless of the number of individuals preset

A

density independent factors

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16
Q

example include unusual weather patterns, strong tropical cyclones or super typhoons such as typhoon Yolanda, natural disasters (hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes), seasonal cycles (flood and droughts), and even certain
human activities such as construction of dams and deforestation, extreme temperature, photoperiod

A

density independent factofs

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17
Q

➢
have negative effect on population density just as much as favorable climatic conditions can have a positive effect

A

density independent factors

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18
Q

operate only when the population density reaches a certain level, operate proportionately to the size of population

A

density dependent factors

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19
Q

factors operate mostly when a population is large and dense while they do not greatly affect small and scattered populations

A

density dependent factors

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20
Q

examples include parasitism, disease, predation, competition, dispersal and immigration, pathogens causing infectious diseases

A

density dependent factors

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21
Q

example of density-dependent factors that are susceptible to spread of contagious disease caused by parasites than a small and sparse population

A

parasitism

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22
Q

example of density-dependent factors which includes predators migrating to areas with high density of prey populations or a behavioral response, predators will focus their attention primarily on the
most abundant prey species

A

predation

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23
Q

for limited resources is also density dependent, when population become crowded, organisms compete for food, water, space, light and other requirements for life

A

competition

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24
Q

members may face competition mostly from individuals of other species who need the same resources

A

interspecific competition

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25
Q

members of one population may compete with other members of the same population

A

intraspecific competition

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26
Q

may weaken survival and reproduction

A

competition

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27
Q

density-dependent factor that refers to the physical trait or behavioral adaptation that reduces or eliminates competition is likely to be favored by natural selection leading to evolutionary change

A

behavioral response

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28
Q

– determines where a population lives

A

ecological niche

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29
Q

occurs whenever the niche parameters of two (or more) different species overlap

A

interspecific competition

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30
Q

the more the overlap, the greater the competition

A

interspecific competition

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31
Q

interspecific competition may lead to (3) outcomes

A

competitive exclusion
range restriction
competitive displacement

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32
Q

wherein one species is competitively superior driving other species into extinction

A

competitive exclusion

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33
Q

wherein each species is confined to a particular habitat outcompeting the other species

A

range restriction

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34
Q

wherein two species evolve in divergent direction, able to adapt to different resources allowing them to co-exist in the same habitat with little competition or without direct competition at all

A

competitive displacement

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35
Q

pattern of population growth

A

exponential growth or logistic growth

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36
Q

s-shaped curved, limited resources, population growth slows, stable

A

logistic growth

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37
Q

(J-shaped curve), unrestricted growth

A

exponential growth

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38
Q

regulate exponential growth, aligned with the law of tolerance

A

limiting factors

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39
Q

states that the abundance of organism can be can be controlled by certain limiting factors where levels of these exceed maximum or minimum limits of tolerance of that organism

A

law of tolerance

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40
Q

law of tolerance is also known as

A

shelford’s law

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41
Q

the abundance or distribution of an organism can be controlled by certain factors (climatic, topographic, and biological requirements) where levels of these exceed maximum or minimum limits
of tolerance of that organism

what law

A

law of tolerance

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42
Q

may be contest or scramble competition depending on the availability of resources

A

intraspecific competition

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43
Q

will take place if the resources are stable over time; individuals will establish a territory and will defend it from intruders

A

contest competition

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44
Q

each territory generally provides enough resources for the owner’s survival and reproduction

A

contest competition

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45
Q

individual who fail to establish a territory can be a competitive disadvantage

A

contest competition

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46
Q

strongest individuals are likely to hold a territory, they have the best chance to survive and reproduced, passing their g enes to the next generation

A

contest competition

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47
Q

occurs in situations where resources are temporary

A

scramble competition

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48
Q

individuals that compete for these resources scramble for access in a first-come-first-served basis

A

scramble competition

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49
Q

first arrivals get the best conditions for survival and reproduction, those who come late will encounter a depleted resource that may no longer support growth and development.

A

scramble competition

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50
Q

may also give populations a favorable advantage, allowing them to reduce mortality, use resources more efficiently, or accomplish tasks that could not be performed by solitary individuals

A

cooperative interaction

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51
Q

best exemplified by social insects, such as ants, bees, wasps and termites. They were able to outnumber all other animals in many terrestrial habitats and, despite their small size, they usually play dominant roles in community ecology, both as consumers and as decomposers

A

cooperative interaction

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52
Q

may also be between different species in the form of symbiotic relationships, i.e. mutualism and commensalism

A

cooperative interaction

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53
Q

world’s population grew very slowly until this

A

1750

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54
Q

a long period of this happened until 1000 BCE (before common era), when the world’s population was approximately 300 million; this was followed by a period of slow growth from 1000 BCE to approximately 1750

A

stationary growth

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55
Q

did not become exponential until around 1750 due to high mortality counterbalancing the high fertility

A

population growth

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56
Q

function of several factors, including poor nutrition, which led directly to deaths through starvation and indirectly through increasing susceptibility to disease; epidemics; and, quite possibly, infanticide and geronticide, especially during times of food shortage

A

high mortality

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57
Q

Decline in deaths starting in the middle of 18th century occurred because of

A

➢
Improvement in food availability
➢
Housing
➢
Water cleanliness
➢
Personal hygiene
➢
Public sanitation

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58
Q

reason of lowered mortality in the 20th century

A

medical advances

59
Q

civilization where theories about population growth first appeared

A

ancient greece

60
Q

English clergyman and economist that was considered to be the pioneering theorist of modern age

A

thomas malthus

61
Q

Formulated a principle that held that unchecked population grows more quickly than the mans of subsistence (food and resources) to sustain it

A

thomas malthus

62
Q

Became notorious for his principle of population “increment in population’ and ‘decrement in food supply

A

thomas malths

63
Q

Published his views on the effect of population on food supply on 1798

A

thomas malthus

64
Q

Population grows at a ___ rate (1, 2, 4, 16, 32) and food production increases at an ___rate (1,2,3,4,etc.)

A

geometric
arithmetic

65
Q

Population growth will/will not always exceed the amount of food supply

A

will

66
Q

will be controlled either by preventive checks or positive checks

A

population

67
Q

checks that include lowering the number of births, particularly by postponement of marriage age

A

preventive checks

68
Q

include increasing deaths by means of famines, plagues,
natural disasters, war

A

positive checks

69
Q

is morally based preference so family planning and contraception was supported by later followers of Malthus (neo-Malthusians)

A

preventive checks

70
Q

Negative effects of population growth:

A

war
violence
environmental degradation

71
Q

unchecked population grows more quickly than the means of subsistence (food and resources to sustaine it)

A

principle of population

72
Q

directly opposed Malthus’ views on population wherein he disagreed with the Malthusian idea of a universal principle of population that applied to all societies

A

karl marx

73
Q

For him, population growth depended upon the economic base of society thus capitalist society is characterized by its own population principle called “Law of Relative Population Surplus”

A

Karl Marx

74
Q

what population principle did Karl Marx propose

A

Law of Relative Population Surplus

75
Q

He argued that capitalism creates overpopulation (i.e. a surplus of people relative to jobs), leading to increased unemployment, cheap labor, and poverty

A

Karl Marx

76
Q

requires unemployment in order to ensure a docile, low-paid class of laborers

A

capitalism

77
Q

He envisioned that overpopulation would not occur in post-capitalist, communist society

A

KArl Marx

78
Q

in the middle of the 20th century, this became the dominant theory of population growth

A

demographic transition theory

79
Q

Based on observed trends in Western European societies, it argues that populations go through three stages in their transition to a modern pattern

A

demographic transition theory

80
Q

three stages of demographic transition theory

A

pre-transition
stage of transition
post transition

81
Q

characterized by low or no growth, and high fertility is counterbalanced by high mortality

what stage

A

pre-transition

82
Q

mortality rates begin to decline, and the population grows at a rapid pace. By the end of this stage, fertility has begun to decline as well. However, because mortality decline had a head start, the death rate remains lower than the birth rate, and the population continues to experience a high rate of growth.

what transition

A

stage of transition

83
Q

the movement to low fertility and mortality rates is complete, producing once again a no
-growth situation.

A

post transition

84
Q

explains these three stages in terms of economic development namely industrialization and urbanization

A

theory of demographic transition

85
Q

Since 1980, this theory has been criticized for its failure to consider cultural variables and its hypothesized relationship between population growth and economic development

A

theory of demographic transition

86
Q

is the maximum number of individuals of a given species that an area’s resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources

A

carrying capacity

87
Q

expanded to include not degrading our cultural and social environments and not harming the physical environment in ways that would adversely affect future generations

A

human carrying capacity

88
Q

cannot continue indefinitely in a resource-limited environment.

A

exponential growth

89
Q

Eventually a population becomes so large that it runs out of free space, outgrows its food supply, or exhausts other assets

A

exponential growth

90
Q

As population density approaches the carrying capacity, competition becomes more intense, mortality _____ , the birth rate ___, and any one of the following alternatives
is possible

A

increases
drops
logistic or sigmoid curve/ boom or bust

91
Q

population leveling out and stabilize below carrying capacity

A

logistic or sigmoid

92
Q

the population may briefly overshoot the carrying capacity and then crash, resulting into depletion of natural capital and ecosystem collapse

A

boom or bust

93
Q

provide greater information on population status, the effects of ecological and anthropogenic activities

A

population density

94
Q

describe the relationship between area, population, and density

A

D = P/A

95
Q

arrangement of individuals within a habitat at a particular point in time, and broad categories of patterns used to describe them

A

dispersion pattern

96
Q

organisms are clustered together in groups, may reflect a patchy distribution of resources in the environment

A

climped

97
Q

most common pattern of population dispersion

A

climped

98
Q

organisms have an unpredictable distribution, typical of species in which individuals do not interact strongly

A

random

99
Q

organisms are evenly spaced over the area they occupy, typical of species in which individuals compete for a scarce environmental resource, such as water in a desert

A

uniform

100
Q

a population contains three age groups: prereproductive (0-14), reproductive (15-44), and postreproductive (45 and older)

A

age structure

101
Q

prereproductive age groups includes

A

0-14

102
Q

reproductive group includes

A

15-44

103
Q

postreproductive grop includes

A

45 and older

104
Q

number of individuals who are born alive; measured as crude birth rate (number of live births/1,000 mid year total
population)

A

natality

105
Q

number of individuals who die; measured as crude death rate (number of deaths per 1,000 mid-year total population)

A

mortality

106
Q

number of individuals that enters a population

A

immigration

107
Q

number of individuals that move out of a population

A

emigration

108
Q

– the variability of the population size determines the population growth rate (birth rate + immigration) – (death rate + emigration)

A

population size

109
Q

group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at a given time

A

population

110
Q

level where group of individuals of the same species live together in a certain ecosystem (biome)

A

population

111
Q

population characteristics

read

A

➢size
➢density
➢patterns of dispersion; distribution
➢demographics (age structure, sex ratios)
➢rates of growth (or decline)
➢limits on population growth

112
Q

number of individuals in a given area

A

population size

113
Q

factors that affect population size

A

natality
mortality
migration

114
Q

production of new individuals per unit or time under a particular set of ecological conditions, expressed as a rate

A

natality

115
Q

expressed as a number of individuals born per 1,000 individuals per unit of time

A

human population birth rate

116
Q

crude birth rate formula

A

number of births / midyear total population x 1000

117
Q

number of individuals dying per unit of time

A

mortality

118
Q

determined by physiological longevity and/or unfavorable environmental conditions, by diseases, by predators, competition

A

mortality

119
Q

crude death rate formula

A

number of death / midyear total pop x 100

120
Q

movement of individuals from one place to another

A

migration

121
Q

act of individual moving out from their original place

A

emigration

122
Q

movement is coming into or joining a population

A

immigration

123
Q

maximum number of individuals that the population can support

A

carrying capacity

124
Q

– refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area

A

population dispersion

125
Q

refers to the number of percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older groups

A

age structure

126
Q

Philippines Gender ratio of men to women

A

101:100 (1.01)

127
Q

refers to changes that are predicted to occur in the members of the population over time, includes 4 variables:

A

population dynamics

128
Q

population dynamics invlude 4 variables

A

density
dispersion pattern
age structure
size of population

129
Q

How are populations measured:

A

➢Population density – number of individuals in a given area or volume
➢Count all the individual in a population
➢Estimate by sampling

130
Q

population coping mechanism on envi pressure to control population

A

R vs K strategists

131
Q

species or populations that respond quickly to favorable conditions, usually low, the population increases exponentially when environmental conditions becomes favorable

A

R strategists

132
Q

populations whose numbers are maintained close to saturation level or carrying capacity (K)

A

K strategists

133
Q

difference in numbers between a population over time

A

absolute growth

134
Q

1997 = 5,910,566,295 vs 2017 =
7,550,262,101 (growth of
1,639,695,806)

absolute or relative?

A

absolute

135
Q

____ growth expressed in crude
rate

A

relative

136
Q

2000 = crude growth rate –
1.4% for every 1,000 people, 14
individuals are added per
year

absolute or relative

A

relative

137
Q

anything that
drives a population’s size and slow
or stops it from growing

A

limiting factors

138
Q

is the population
within an area that the environment
can support sustainably and
maintain stable equilibrium.

A

carrying capacity

139
Q

few offspring, low
infant mortality, parental care
of young, most survive until
old age, large mammals
including humans

survivorship curve?

A

type I

140
Q

equal chance of
living or dying throughout the
lifetime, birds, reptiles, small
mammals

survivorship curve

A

type II

141
Q

high infant mortality
rate, many offspring, no
parental care, invertebrates,
fish, amphibians, and plants

survivorship curve

A

type III

142
Q

degradation of this include loss of cropland, forest, wetlands, wildlife habitats

A

land and biodiversity

143
Q

degradation of this include use of surface water, increased runoff and flooding, pollution, natural sewage treatment

A

water

Environmental Biology and Ecology (15 decks)

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