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Biological Psychology > Evolution and aggression > Flashcards

Evolution and aggression Flashcards

1
Q

genes

A

contain DNA and is a carrier of information from one generation to the next

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2
Q

genotype

A

genetic constitution

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3
Q

phenotype

A

what the individual becomes when genes interact with each other and the environment

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4
Q

DNA

A

controls gene activity

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5
Q

dominant genes

A

always lead to certain characteristics

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6
Q

recessive genes

A

need more than one copy to produce a characteristic

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7
Q

what is the environmental influence on genes

A

some genes do not influence physical characteristics unless the right environmental conditions occur

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8
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic structure of an animal or plant which makes it different from others of the same kind

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9
Q

what needs to happen for natural selection to work

A

sufficient variation

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10
Q

genetic drift

A

not 100% of the genes from an individual are passed on - males and females pass on 50%

creates an element of chance in which genes are passed onto offspring and which are lost

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11
Q

heritable traits

A

traits which can be inherited

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12
Q

why aren’t all traits heritable

A

many come from interaction with the environment

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13
Q

direct fitness

A

when a gene gives a characteristic that benefits survival of the individual

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14
Q

inclusive fitness

A

a characteristic which is disadvantageous to the individual but advantageous to their relatives

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15
Q

kin selection

A

a type of natural selection where individuals will sacrifice their own lives in an effort to save closely related organisms

  • all parts of the group share genes
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16
Q

group selection

A

individuals in a group may survive more readily as the group can help with the division of labour and to care for offspring

not all share genes

the success of living in a group leads to survival of the genes

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17
Q

success (in evolutionary terms)

A

production of offspring that survive to reproductive maturity

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18
Q

what advantage did males have who were physically bigger and stronger

A

would be more capable of providing food and protecting their mates and offspring, which gave them advantage in terms of mate choice

those who displayed aggressive traits were more successful than those who didn’t

competition for mates has driven masculine aggresion

19
Q

why are females less physically aggressive

A

it would be an evolutionary disadvantage as females spend long periods of time pregnant, breastfeeding and looking after children

20
Q

Buss (1999)

A

females would still be in competition for mates even though they aren’t physically aggressive by denigrating other females to potential mates so as to make other women appear less attractive

21
Q

evolution

A

the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

22
Q

sexual selection

A

attributes or behaviours that increase reproductive success are passed on and may become exaggerated over succeeding generations of offspring

23
Q

natural selection

A

a process that explains evolution as inherited traits which enhance reproductive success and are passed onto the next generation and thus ‘selected’

animals without such traits have less reproductive success and their traits are not selected

24
Q

why does variation arise

A

genetic recombination and mutations

25
Q

survival of the fittest

A

when animals in the species reproduce and pass on their characteristics due to a genetic mutation which has increased their likelihood of survival

26
Q

what would have enhanced survival in human evolution

A

being able to protect yourself and your possessions - so would have been modified by natural selection

27
Q

male retention strategies

A

often aggressive behaviours men use to retain their partners and prevent them from ‘straying’

(e.g. guarding their partner)

28
Q

Wilson and Daly

A

direct guarding involves male vigilance over a partners behaviour, for example, keeping tabs on their whereabouts

29
Q

guarding your offspring

A

human parents will direct aggressive acts against other people that threaten their children

30
Q

why do parents use aggression

A

as it is a way for parents to protect their ‘investment’ increasing the offspring’s chances in later life

31
Q

what did Steiner say about protecting offspring

A

is one of the very few situations that females behave as aggressively as males

32
Q

what is bullying viewed as

A

maladaptive

33
Q

what can maladaptive behaviour be a result of

A

poor social skills

34
Q

what may our evolutionary ancestors used bullying as

A

an adaptive strategy to increase survival chances

35
Q

where is female bullying most common

A

in a relationship and it is a method of controlling the partner

this behaviour is used to secure their partners fertility

36
Q

Tony Volk et al. (2012) - bullying

A

characteristics associated with bullying are attractive to the opposite sex causing this behaviour to be naturally selected in males as they lead to greater reproductive success

37
Q

Buss and Shakelton (1997)

A

supporting research explaining the role of evolution in infidelity and jealousy

this is because men tend to give the female everything she wants and they were threatening around other males

this is helpful for the survival of the genes because the men want to make sure they can mate and that the baby is theirs

38
Q

application of the evolutionary theory to real life

A

helps us to understand human relationships as it predicts that we should choose partners who will enhance our reproductive success

Buss (1989)

39
Q

Buss (1989)

A

across 33 countries

males preferred younger, more attractive women, perhaps because they are more fertile

40
Q

weakness of the evolutionary theory

A

cannot explain cultural differences

compare to other approaches - biological (hormones), psychodynamic (trauma in unconscious mind)

41
Q

limitations of the evolutionary theory

A

uncertain as it is impossible to test directly

42
Q

Kung San - details of study

A

people of the Kulkari , aggression is discouraged from childhood so is therefore rare

43
Q

Kung San - what does this study show about aggression

A

cultural norms show aggression is not universal and suggest that naturally determined behaviour can be outweighed by cultural norms

Biological Psychology (13 decks)

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