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4 - oral med > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

What can be used to stain samples?

A

H&E
Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)

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2
Q

What is commonly present in hyperplastic epithelium and why?

A

Polymorphs
Migrate from blood vessels in the lamina propria due to chemotaxis and a stimulus which is usually bacterial or fungal

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3
Q

What is fungal mycelia?

A

Long reddish-purple stained structures in the superficial epithelium
Can also be round or oval darker stained bodies which are the fungus in the yeast phase

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4
Q

Where does chronic hyperplastic candidosis usually present?

A

The buccal commissures

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5
Q

What do biopsies of chronic hyperplastic candidosis usually show?

A

A degree of dysplasia
May show malignant change

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6
Q

What is chronic hyperplastic candidosis also known as?

A

Candidal leukoplakia

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7
Q

Name a main feature of epithelial dysplasia

A

Basal cell hyperplasia

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8
Q

What kind of keratosis is it if there isn’t a nucleus?

A

Orthokeratosis

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9
Q

Name 2 areas of the mouth you would be highly suspicious of malignancy in

A

Lateral border of the tongue
Floor of the mouth

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10
Q

What is epitheliotropism?

A

Inflammatory cells present amongst the deeper keratinocytes

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11
Q

Name an important histopathological finding when diagnosing malignancy

A

Invasion

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12
Q

How may mitoses make you suspicious of epithelial dysplasia?

A

If increased and abnormal
May increase in number, occur higher up in the epithelium than usual, or have an abnormal form eg - triradiate mitoses (3 daughter cells formed instead of 2)

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13
Q

What is basal cell hyperplasia?

A

The presence of several layers of cells of basaloid appearance

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14
Q

What is basal cell hyperplasia often associated with?

A

Drop-shaped rete pegs

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15
Q

What are drop-shaped rete pegs?

A

When the rete pegs are wider at their deepest part than they are more superficially

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16
Q

What 7 abnormalities in cell proliferation leads you to be suspicious of epithelial dysplasia?

A

Increased and abnormal mitoses
Basal cell hyperplasia
Drop-shaped rete pegs
Disturbed polarity of the basal cells or loss of cellular orientation
Alteration in nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio by area or volume
Nuclear hyperchromatism
Prominent and enlarged nucleoli

17
Q

What is speckled leukoplakia and what is it also known as?

A

Variant of leukoplakia with both white and red areas within the lesion
Highly malignant
Aka speckled erythroleukoplakia

18
Q

Describe disturbed polarity of basal cells or loss of cellular orientation

A

The cells in the basal layer will have no definable long axis and the nuclei will have no regular polarity

19
Q

Describe normal nuclear polarity

A

The nuclei will have normal positions in the cell in a specific orientation, typically closer to one end than the other

20
Q

What is nuclear hyperchromatism?

A

Nuclear staining which is abnormally intense

21
Q

Name 4 signs of epithelial dysplasia relating to abnormalities of maturation and differentiation of epithelial cells

A

Irregular epithelial stratification or disturbed maturation
Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism
Abnormal keratinisation
Loss or reduction of intercellular adhesion or cohesion

22
Q

Describe irregular epithelial stratification or disturbed maturation

A

The cells no longer show a proper sequence of morphological and maturational changes as they pass from the basal layer to the surface

23
Q

What is epithelial stratification?

A

The arrangement of cells in multiple layers within an epithelial tissue

24
Q

What is nuclear and cellular pleomorphism?

A

Nuclei and cells of different size and shape

25
Q

Describe abnormal keratinisation

A

Keratinisation occurring below the normal keratin layer, either as individual cell keratinisation within the stratum spinosum or as disturbed maturation of groups of cells resulting in the formation of intraepithelial keratin pearls

26
Q

What can loss or reduction of intercellular adhesion or cohesion be difficult to be distinguished from?

A

Intercellular oedema

27
Q

What are rete pegs?

A

Anatomical structures that appear as downward projections
Characteristic feature of stratified squamous epithelium

4 - oral med (27 decks)

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