week 5 Flashcards
What are learning theories
One of the major questions in personality theorising is whether inner or outer forces control our behaviour.
Behaviourism and Albert Bandura
Who is Bandura
sees the individual as an active player responding to both inner stimuli and external environments and moving back and forward in a dynamic system
Reciprocal Determinism: personal factors, behavioural factors, environmental factors
Bobo doll experimental studies
Tested 3-6 year old, either saw an adult model behaving aggressively to a doll, playing with it quietly or a control. Children who had observed the aggressive model were more likely to behave aggressively to the toys in another room
Bandura part 2
Observational learning. 3 factors important in modelling: characteristics of the model, attributes of the observer, consequences of imitating a behaviour. Self-regulatory processes and self-efficacy
Julian Rotter
Like Bandura, Rotter thought that animal studies were too simplistic to address the complexity of the human behaviour. Behaviour potential= Reinforcement value x expectancy
To predict behaviour in a given situation, Rotter claims: we need to know- what the options are, what we see as being the possible outcome for each option
Rotter part 2
Other applications. Locus of control- our general expectancies in new situations
Internal- individuals who believe their behaviour does make a difference to the outcome
External- individuals believe that what they do does not influence the outcome
Cognitive approaches to personality
Assign a role to the inner processes, Inner psychological processes our unconscious thoughts about ourselves, other people and situations that influence how we perceive the world
George Kelly
Individuals act as scientists, unlike true scientists we do not have object data to work with. We interpret events in the world according to our own theories of human behaviour. Personal constructs: the criteria we each use to perceive and interpret events we create our own view of the world and then act according to our perceptions
Theory of personal constructs
Constructive alternativism: essentially we all perceive the world differently and we are all capable changing out mind
Free will and determinism: we have free will but our thoughts can be determined by goal
When using personal constructs, we are organising our experiences in terms of similarities and contrasts. His theory is organised into fundamental postulate and 11 corollaries
Kelly’s theory
Challenged both the psychoanalytic and learning theory approaches personality. Kelly proposes that the criteria we each use to perceive and interpret the world are our personal construct. The 1 corollaries outline how the interpretative processes operate to allow us to create our personal constructs
Albert Ellis
Another advocate of cognitive approaches, He was interested in how our cognitions impact our emotions and behaviours. Rationality and irrationality innate characteristics of human being
The model of rational emotive behaviour therapy
Ellis outlines a simple ABC model to describe how emotional an behavioural response occur
A-the activating event
B-the client belief system
C-the emotional and behavioural consequences that occur as a result
The dark triad
Term coined by Paulhus and Williams personality traits consists of: Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
Machiavellianism
Contains advice on how best to advance oneself and make others do what you want. Cynical, calculating, manipulative
Machiavellianism scales developed have been shown to predict some behaviours
Narcissism
Excessive interest in oneself
attempts to measure Narcissism using item designed to capture the clinical
The NPI is a widely used measure. Some researchers have distinguished between grandiose and vulnerable forms of Narcissism but most measure typically measure grandiose Narcissism
