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Hemolymphatics > Parasites of the Haemopoietic System > Flashcards

Parasites of the Haemopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main hosts of babesiosis?

A

Cattle, horses, dogs

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2
Q

What other species aside from the main 3 species are affected by babesiosis?

A

small ruminants, pigs, cats, wildlife, humans

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3
Q

Is babesiosis zoonotic?

A

yes

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4
Q

What does B. gibsoni do to the red blood cells?

A
  • Increases anti-erythrocyte membrane IgG antibodies
  • activated macrophages release reactive O2-
  • enhance phagocytosis of both infected & non-infected erythrocytes by macrophages
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5
Q

What do the macrophages and NK cells do in a Babesiosis infection?

A
  • produce inflammatory cytokines & free radicals (NO)
  • IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2 supplement protective immune response
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6
Q

Excess production of cytokines in a babesiosis infection…

A
  • aggravates endotoxic shock
  • host tissue injury & damage
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7
Q

overproduction of IFN-gamma leads to…

A

activation of macrophages, endothelial, & glial cells in the brain

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8
Q

Explain the pathway of Babesiosis and it’s effect on the body.

A
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9
Q

What babesiosis is this?

A

Babesia bovis

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10
Q

The degree of resistance of animals to tick infestation affects transmission of…

A

babesiosis & stability to disease

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11
Q

What is the right habitat for the vector of babesiosis?

A

forest pasture

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12
Q

what is the treatment for babesiosis in cattle?

A

Imidocarb/Imizol 1.2 mg/kg SQ

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12
Q

What is the main vector of Babesiosis?

A

Ixodes ricinus

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12
Q

What is the main way the attenuated live vaccine for babesiosis works?

A

immunoprophylaxis

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12
Q

How do you control Babesiosis?

A

Vaccinations

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13
Q

How do you use imidocarb/ imizol for prevention of babesiosis in cattle?

A

2 ml/100 kg - SQ
4 wk protection, challenge results in immunity
Do not apply acaracide

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14
Q

What is the treatment for dogs with babesiosis?

A

6 mg/kg of imidocarb/imizol

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15
Q

What other treatments can be used in dogs with babesiosis?

A

Atovaquone (Mepron)
Azithromycin (Zithromax)

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16
Q

What supportive txt can be used in dogs with babesiosis?

A

Blood transfusion

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17
Q

What are the hosts of theileriosis?

A

cattle, small ruminants, horses, cats, dogs, wildlife (Indian water buffalo)

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18
Q

Explain the process of pathogenesis of theileriosis.

A
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19
Q

What is the main host of theileriosis?

A

Horses

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20
Q

lymphoproliferative disease of theileriosis leads to…

A

incubation
lymphoid proliferation
lymphoid depletion

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21
Q

What cytokines are produced by cells infected with theileriosis?

A

infected cells produce INF-alpha & TNF-alpha

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22
Q

INF alpha causes changes to…

A

NK cells which release INF-gamma & NO

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23
Q

INFalpha causes changes in macrophages which leads to release of

A

TNF-alpha

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24
Q

INFalpha suppresses

A

T-cell responses

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25
Q

INF-alpha & TNF-alpha causes

A
  • tissue damage
  • small petechial hemorrhages
  • Oedema leading to organ enlargement
26
Q

Lymphocytes are… when merozoites of theileria are released?

A

destroyed

27
Q

Lymphocytoloysis occurs in … and causes…

A
  • occurs in parasitized & non-parasitized lymphocytes causing cytotoxic T-cells
  • causes lung congestion & oedema
28
Q

Lymphoid depletion leads to…

A

immunosuppression

29
Q

What is this?

A

Theileria schizont (Koch’s bodies) in WBC

30
Q

What is this?

A

Theileria piroplasms in RBC

31
Q

What occurs in hemoproliferation of theileria groups?

A

Erythrocytes are destroyed by exiting of the parasite from the rbc or oxidative damage of the rbcs

Anemia caused with anoxia damaging organs

32
Q

What is this?

A

Theileria equi

33
Q

What are the forms of treatment for theileriosis?

A

Chemo: Quinazolinones (Halofuginone) with a coccidiostat

Napthaquinones: Parvaquone, Parvaquone-plus-furosemide, Buparvaquone

34
Q

How is T. equi treated?

A

Imidocarb at a higher dose
Parvaquone

35
Q

How should ticks be controlled to prevent Theilieriosis?

A

acaricides

36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Trypanosomosis?

A
  • Balanced parasite growth regulatory system results in severe collateral damage to host in the long term
37
Q

What is the damage caused by trypanosomosis?

A
  • Anemia which cause tissue damage leading to myocarditis, myositis
  • Immunosuppression
38
Q

The acute and chronic forms of trypanosomosis are determined by…

A
  • Genetic constitution of host
  • previous exposure
  • virulence of strain
39
Q

Trypanosomes appear in the blood… after exposure.

A

13-16 days

40
Q

What occurs as parasitemia rises within the body due to Trypanosomes?

A

Trypanosomes induce T-cells to release IFN-gamma which increases the growth of parasite and activate macrophages

41
Q

When a fever occurs in response to Trypanosomes, what does this do to the trypanosomes?

A

causes decrease in parasitemia until the animal is afebrile

42
Q

How often would the waxing and waning of parasitemia occur with trypanosomes?

A

every 7-14 days

43
Q

What is this?

A

Trypanosomes

44
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of anemia caused by trypanosomes?

A

i. Trypanosomes release hemolysins, enzymes, prostaglandins, TNF-alpha
ii. Specific & non-specific antibodies are produced
iii. hemodilution

45
Q

If leukopenia occurs as a result of Trypanosomosis, what is the impact on the body?

A
  • Infection leads to increases in NO production
  • Impairs BM function
  • Inhibition of stem cell differentiation
46
Q

What are the 3 main things that occur in the chronic phase?

A
  • Secondary degenerative changes in tissue
  • Damage to vascular endothelium
  • Immunosuppression
47
Q

What are some drugs that can be used for treatment?

A
  • Diminazene (3.5-7 mg/kg)
  • Isometamidium can be curative or prophylactic
48
Q

What is the main vector for T. theileri?

A
  • Tabanid flies
49
Q

What is the main animal affected by T. theileri?

A

Cattle

50
Q

What are some clinical signs of T. theileri in cattle?

A

Transient fever, LN enlargement, anemia, depressed milk yield, immunosuppression, intercurrent infections

51
Q

What is this?

A

Leishmania in the bone marrow

52
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Leishmaniosis?

A
  • skin lesions because they invade mononuclear phagocytes and papules develop that progress into nodules which then necrose and ulcerate.
  • involves the liver, spleen, BM, LNs
  • macrophages & mononuclear-phagocyte-system
53
Q

What are clinical signs of leishmaniasis?

A

Chronic wasting disease
intermittent fever
non-regenerative anemia
Generalized lymphadenopathy
skin lesions
Diarrhea
intermittent lameness, abnormal growth of nails

54
Q

When an animal recovers from infection of Leishmaniasis, the animal has…

A

immunity

55
Q

What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?

A

Allopurinol & meglumine antimoniate for 2-6 months

56
Q

What is a form of control of leishmaniasis for dogs?

A

vaccination from 6 mos of age
3 primary injections, then a yearly booster

57
Q

What is this?

A

Hemoproteus tinnunculi

58
Q

What is this?

A

Leucocytozoon sp.

59
Q

What organisms cause anemia in avian species?

A

Plasmodium spp.
Hemoproteus spp.
Leucocytozoon spp.

60
Q

What are some helminths that cause direct blood loss in ruminants?

A
  • Acute Fasciolosis in sheep
  • Haemonchus contortus in sheep & goats
  • Bunostomum (cattle hookworm)
61
Q

What are some hookworms in dogs/cats that cause direct blood loss?

A

Ancylostoma
Uncinaria
Angiostrongylus

62
Q

What sucking lice cause direct blood loss?

A

Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes

63
Q

What mites cause direct blood loss?

A

Dermanyssus

64
Q

What arthropods also cause direct blood loss aside from mites & sucking lice?

A

fleas, severe tick infestation

65
Q

What protozoa can cause direct blood loss?

A

Coccidia spp.

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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