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Sensing and Seeing > Axial Skeleton (vertebral column) > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton (vertebral column) Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral formula for dog

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd~20

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2
Q

Vertebral formula for horse

A

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd~20

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3
Q

Vertebral formula for ox

A

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd~20

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4
Q

Vertebral formula for sheep/goat

A

C7 T13 L6(7) S4 Cd16-18

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5
Q

Typical vertebra body cranial extremity is convex or concave?

A

Convex

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6
Q

Typical vertebra body caudal extremity is convex or concave?

A

Concave

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7
Q
A

1) spinous process
2) cranial articular process
3) transverse process
4) ventral crest
5) transverse foramen
6) vertebral foramen
7a) pedicle
7B) Lamina
7) vertebral arch

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8
Q

What is another name for vertebral foramina and what does it house?

A

Vertebral canal, spinal chord

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9
Q

What forms the intervertebral foramina and what structures go there?

A

Cranial and caudal vertebral notches in arches of adjacent vertebrae, spinal nerves and vessels

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10
Q

What is unique about horse lateral vertebral foramina?

A

T 11, T 15, T16 may have fully formed lateral vertebral foramina ( intervertebral foreman w/spurs)

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11
Q

In cervical vertebrae what to the transverse foramina form?

A

Transverse canal for the vertebral VAN

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12
Q

What is unique to C7 compared to rest of cervical vertebrae?

A

Does not have transverse foramina, higher spinous process, has costal facets on its caudal surface

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13
Q

Name joint associated w/ the atlas, and type of joint

A

Atlanto-occipital joint, synovial

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14
Q

Why is the atlas atypical?

A

Reduced body and ventral arch, no spinous process or intervertebral foramen

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15
Q

Name Clinical significance of atlas traverse processes

A

Cranial ends of wings can be palpated with nochal crest to locate atlantooccipital joint to access CSF

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16
Q

Name joint caudal to atlas

A

Atlantoaxial joint

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17
Q

Name bone, species, and labels

A

Atlas, dog
1) lateral vertebral foramen
2) wing
3) alar notch

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18
Q

How does horse atlas differ?

A

Fully formed alar foramen (vs. Notch)

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19
Q

Why is axis atypical?

A

Long body, large ridge (instead of spinous process), dens

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20
Q

“Yes” joint

A

Atlantooccipital

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21
Q

“No” joint

A

Atlantoaxial

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22
Q

What is purpose of dens?

A

Articulation pivot for Atlantoaxial joint

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23
Q
A

1) body
2) ventral crest
3) dens
4) cranial articulation process
5) spinous process
6) cranial vertebral notch
7) transverse process
8) transverse foramen
9) caudal articular process
10) caudal vertebral notch

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24
Q

What is unique to C6

A

Large transverse process (sx and radiograph landmark)

25
Q

Features of thoracic vertebrae

A

Short body and transverse processes, 6 costal foveae/facets

26
Q

Describe location of costal facets in thoracic vertebrae and what they articulate with

A

Body has 4 ( 2 cranial, 2 caudal) that articulate with heads of ribs

Transverse processes have 2 (1 each) that articulate with tubercle
Of ribs

27
Q
A

1) spinous process
2) caudal articular process
3) transverse process with costal fovea
4) mammillary process
5) caudal vertebral notch
6,7) costal foveae
8) body

28
Q

What are the withers

A

Elongated dorsal spinal processes of T2-8
Apex formed by dsp’s of T4-7

29
Q

What are the anticlinal vertebrae and clinical significance
And which specific vertebrae in dogs/horses

A

Where angulation of DSPs change (from caudal to cranial facing), radiograph landmarks

Dog- T11
Horse - T15,16

30
Q

What is kissing spines? And how to treat

A

Overcrowding of dsp’s in horses and they make articulate (pseudoarthrosis) causing back pain

Treat with NSAIDs, acupuncture, or removing spinous processes

31
Q

What is convention when numbering in ribs

A

Rib number correlates to caudal articulating vertebrae
For ribs 1-10
Ribs 11-13 articulate with rib of same #

32
Q

How many ribs and intercostal spaces in carnivores/ ruminants vs equine

A

Carnivores / ruminants - 13 pairs of ribs, 12 ICS
Equine - 18 pairs of ribs, 17 ICS

33
Q

Which ribs are sternal (true), asternal (false), or floating

A

1-9 sternal
10-12 asternal
13 floating (dogs only)

34
Q
A

1-7 ) sternebrae
8) combined costal cartilages of ribs 8 and 9
9) costochondral junction (ccj)
10) costal arch
11) cartilage of floating rib
12) intercostal space (ics)

35
Q

What is a ventral thoracotomy?

A

Splitting sternum along its length - gives access to both sides of the chest at one time

36
Q

How many sternebrae are typical)

A

6-8 (species dependent)

37
Q
A

1) manubrium
2) cartilage of manubrium
3,4) sternebrae forming the body
s) xiphoid process
6) xiphoid cartilage
7) intersternal cartilage
8) sternocostal joint
9) rib

38
Q

Features of lumbar vertebrae

A

Massive body, large transverse processes (like a plate) that point cranially, no costal facets

39
Q
A

Lumbar vertebrae
1) body
2) caudal extremity
3) transverse process
4) mamillary process
5) accessory process
6) spinous process
7) caudal articular process
8) intervertebral foramen
9) caudal vertebral notch

40
Q

Clinical significance lumbar vertebrae

A

Last rib Is palpable, located at same level as caudal aspect of L2
L7 is btw wings or ilia and the palpable spine just cranial to ilia wings is L6

41
Q

What is mamillary process

A

Paired, present from T2/T3 to L7
Small tubercles project dorsally on cranial articular process

42
Q

Accessory processes

A

Paired, present in last few thoracic and all lumbar
Pointed caudally, lateral to the caudal particular process

43
Q

What is unique to horses with lumbar vertebrae

A

Last few lumbar TPS articulate with each other
Also articulate with wings of sacrum

44
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Cleft vertebra (neural arches fail to meet dorsal to the spinal cord – open vertebral canal)
Associated with neural tube defects
Common in English Bulldogs

45
Q

What is the sacrum

A

3 fused vertebrae, forms roof of pelvic cavity

46
Q
A

1) promontory
2) auricular articular surface
3) ventral sacral foramina
4) wing
5) ventral sacral foramira

47
Q

What is the lateral sacral crest?

A

Fused transverse processes

48
Q

What is the ventral sacral foramina?

A

2 pairs, transmits ventral branches of sacral nerves/vessels

49
Q

Number Of foramina=

A

Fused vertebrae -1

50
Q

What is the median sacral crest

A

Fused spinous process

51
Q

What are the dorsal sacral foramina

A

2 pairs, transmit dorsal branches of sacral nerves and vessels

52
Q

Caudal vertebrae characteristics

A

Vary in # (~20) and shape
Vertebral canal not present after cd6
Gradually lose all processes until elongated bodies only remain

53
Q

What is hemal aka chevron arch?

A

In Cranial and caudal vertebra 4-6 where median coccygeal artery passes btw arms of the arch
Prominent in cattle

54
Q
A

Caudal vertebrae
1) spinous process
2) transverse process
3) hemal arch/ chevron

55
Q

What is unique to Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae in horses

A

L5, L6 TPs articulate
L6 TPs articulate with wings of sacrum

56
Q
A

Ligaments fixing the dens of the axis
4) transverse ligament of atlas
5) alar ligaments
6) apical ligament of dens
7) atlanto-occipital joint capsule

57
Q

What is atlanto-axial subluxation

A

congenital or acquired condition w/ abnormality of the dens or its ligaments
atlanto-axial joint is unstable
results in spinal cord compression from dorsally displaced dens

58
Q

What is fibrocatilaginous embolism (FCE)

A

ischemic necrosis of part of the spinal cord subsequent to herniation of an IVD into spinal cord blood vessels

AKA necrotizing myelopathy, embolic myelopathy, fibrocartilaginous infarct or ischemic myelopathy

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