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BIOL 1000 (Exam 2) > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

Unit 5

1
Q

The biochemical pathway organisms use to convert macromolecules into ATP; energy is stored in the bonds of macromolecules - as bonds are brokem, energy is released.

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

What is the energy from bonds used for?

A

to generate ATP

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3
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

reaction in which electrons are added to a substrate, generally increases the energy state of a substrate

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4
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

reaction in which electrons are lost from a substrate, generally lowers the energy state of a substrate

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5
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

cytosol, mitochondrion

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6
Q

The initial stage of cellular respiration is accomplished by enzymes that are dissolved in the ___.

A

cytosol

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7
Q

The complete oxidation of organic macromolecules and the manufacture of ATp occurs within the ___.

A

mitochondrion

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8
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

reactions that may be performed in the absence of oxygen

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9
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

reactions that require the presence of oxygen

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10
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

complete digestion of pyruvate to generate electron carriers

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11
Q

The transfer of a phosphate to a substrate

A

phosphorylation

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12
Q

Transfer of a phosphate from one substrate to another

A

subrate-level phosphorylation

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13
Q

Transfer of a phosphate dissolved in the cytosol to a substrate

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

What do electron carriers do?

A

shuttle electrons liberated during the redox reactions of cellular respiration to the electron transport chain. NADH carries electrons from glycosis to Krebs, FADH2 carries electrons from Krebs

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15
Q

What stage is the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration?

A

second

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

A

complete digestion of pyruvate to generate many electron carriers

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17
Q

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

A

8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2

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18
Q

Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

intermembrane space for the mitochondrion

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19
Q

What is the third stage of cellular respiration?

A

ETC/Chemiosmosis

20
Q

What is the purpose of ETC/Chemiosmosis?

A

to generate 32-34 ATP

21
Q

What are the products of ETC/Chemiosmosis?

A

8 NAD+, 2 FAD+, 32-34 ATP

22
Q

Electron carriers transfer electrons to proteins in the ___.

A

electron transport chain

23
Q

Where in the cell does ETC exist?

A

sequential redox reactions move protons from the inner mitochondrial space to the intermembrane space, proton gradient is called proton motive force

24
Q

Where in the cell does chemiosmosis occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

25
Q

What is the function of chemisosmosis?

A

produce ATP, using electrochemical gradient

26
Q

What is the product of chemiosmosis?

A

ATP

27
Q

Which process is used to generate ATP during chemiosmosis?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

While oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation occur throughout cellular respiration, the only stage in which ATP is generate by oxidative phosphorylation is ___.

A

chemiosmosis

29
Q

There is not a consistent number of ATP generated in this stage

A

chemiosmosis

30
Q

___ organisms use fermentation reactions exclusively to generate ATP

A

anaerobic

31
Q

What is the starting point for most fermentation reactions?

A

glycosis

32
Q

Observed in yeasts used to brew alcohols; pyruvate loses a carbon and is reduced into ethanol.

A

ethanol fermentation

33
Q

Many organisms, including ourselves, oxidize NADH by reducing pyruvate into lactic acid.

A

lactic acid fermentation

34
Q

May be used to digest a number of macromolecules, not carbohydrates only

A

cellular respiration

35
Q

What are the steps in the oxidation of proteins?

A

step one: enzymes in the cytosol remove nitrogen groups from amino acids
step two: remaining carbon molecules is oxidized in the Krebs Cycle

36
Q

___ breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and reducing NAD+ to NADH.

A

glycosis

37
Q

In ___ fermentation, pyruvate loses a carboxyl group, becoming acetaldehyde, which is then reduced to ethanol.

A

alcohol

38
Q

What is the function of lactic acid fermentation?

A

to convert pyruvate to lactic acid and regenerate NAD+ in the process, allowing glycosis to continue to make ATP in low oxygen conditions

39
Q

In which type of reaction are electrons added to a substrate?

A

reduction

40
Q

Which phase of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

A

glycosis

41
Q

Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?

A

mitochondrion

42
Q

In which type of phosphorylation event is a phosphate transferred from one substrate to another?

A

substrate-level

43
Q

How many pyruvate are produced during glycosis?

A

2

44
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration are the most electron carriers produced?

A

Krebs Cycle

45
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration produces a proton motive force?

A

ETC

46
Q

Plants do not perform cellular respiration. True or false?

A

false

BIOL 1000 (Exam 2) (4 decks)

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