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Introduction To Dietetics > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is when a specific stimuli results in an automatic conditioned response.

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2
Q

Give an example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s Dogs - Salivating when they hear a tuning fork due to being conditioned to know that food is arriving.

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3
Q

What are the five terms of Classical Conditioning?

A
  1. Unconditioned stimulus
  2. Unconditioned response
  3. Neutral stimulus
  4. Conditioned stimulus
  5. Conditioned response
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4
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s Dogs?

A

Stimulus that naturally evokes a response (food)

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5
Q

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s Dogs?

A

Naturally occurring response - salivation

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6
Q

What is the neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s Dogs?

A

Neutral stimulus presented along with unconditioned stimulus - Tuning fork with food

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7
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s Dogs?

A

Neutral stimulus after conditioning.

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8
Q

What is the conditioned response in Pavlov’s Dogs?

A

Response which now occurs to the neutral (conditioned) stimulus - Salivation when the tuning fork is ringing.

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9
Q

What is conditioned taste aversion?

A

When eating a food leads to being unwell which results in a conditioned response to disliking the food.

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10
Q

What is food aversion an example of? Explain.

A

A single-trial learning.

Neutral stimulus - food
Unconditioned stimulus - feeling unwell

Only need to be paired together once to develop learned response to avoidance.

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11
Q

When can food aversion occur?

A

Eating tainted food or aversive treatments such as chemotherapy.

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12
Q

What is hunger?

A

A drive that coordinates activities required to solve the issue of acquiring food.

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13
Q

What are health behaviours?

A

Impairing - High fat diet, high alcohol consumption, etc.

Protective - Eating a healthy balanced diet, attending appointments.

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14
Q

What is the difference between protective health behaviours and illness behaviours?

A

Protective health behaviours prevent disease.
Illness behaviours seek remedy for ill health.

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15
Q

Why are health behaviours important as dieticians?

A

As a dietician we will be asking people to make changes to help improve their health - this is a health behaviour change. We must understand what influences behaviour change.

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16
Q

What are the differences between implicit and explicit attitudes?

A

Implicit attitudes - Unconscious and involuntary.
Explicit attitudes - Conscious, deliberately formed.

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17
Q

What is locus of control?

A

How individuals view events as controlled by themselves (internal) or controlled by others or the environment (external).

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18
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

Theory of Planned Behaviour (1988) - Looks at how attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control corresponds with intention and behaviour to change.

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19
Q

What is attitude?

A

How someone thinks or feels about a behaviour

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20
Q

What is subjective norms?

A

How a persons social circle impacts behavioural intentions or engagement - including friends and family. Influenced by referent beliefs and motivation to comply.

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21
Q

What are referent beliefs?

A

Whether a social circle. Deems a behaviour acceptable or unacceptable - peer pressure.

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22
Q

What is motivation to comply?

A

Whether someone ascribes to certain beliefs about a behaviour despite social norms. “Do they want to fit in?”

23
Q

What is perceived behavioural control?

A

Level of control someone thinks that they have to carry out the behaviour.

24
Q

If perceived behavioural control is perceived as easy what is the likelihood of change?

A

The likelihood of engaging behaviour will increase.

25
Q

PCB is relate to self-efficacy. What does this mean?

A

Self-efficacy is the belief one has in being able to perform a certain behaviour to reach a desired outcome.

26
Q

Is the following High PBC or Low PBC?

“I think it would be difficult to include five portions of fruit and vegetables a day”

A

Low PBC

27
Q

There was an addition to the Theory of Planned Behaviour in 2013. What was this?

A

Actual Behavioural Control - External factors that influence someone’s control over a behaviour, rather than internal factors such as self-efficacy.

28
Q

What are the positives of TPB and TRA?

A

A review found that using one of these models resulted in dietary behaviour change and 10 of 11 studies successfully changed at least one component of the models.

29
Q

What are the critiques of Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A
  1. It does not cover impact of peoples emotion on behaviour change.
  2. Self-report measures are not always accurate due social desirability.
  3. Behaviour change may not continue into real life scenarios.
30
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

The health belief model suggests that perceptions of negative health threats and the expectations of the illness will cause behaviour change when a trigger prompts symptoms or reminders.

31
Q

What is the threat element of The Health Belief Model?

A

Perceived susceptibility - Does the person believe that they are at high or low risk of developing the health problem.

Perceived severity - What are the perceived negative consequences of developing the health problem.

32
Q

What is the expectations of the Health Belief Model?

A

Perceived benefits - Does the person value the health promoting behaviour and do they see the point in engaging in it?

Perceived barriers - What prevents the person from engaging in the behaviour.

33
Q

What covers the ‘background’ of the Health Belief Model?

A

Modifying behaviour including:

  1. Demographic - Age, gender, sex, race, Etc.
  2. Sociopsychological - personality, social class, peer pressure.
  3. Structural - Knowledge or experience of the illness.
34
Q

What are the ‘Cues to Action’ for the Health Belief Model?

A

Cues to action - A prompt to engage in a healthy behaviour. Can come from:

  1. Internal - Psychological symptoms of pain, illness symptoms.
  2. External - Prompts from people, media campaigns, doctors, etc.
35
Q

What was added to the Health Belief Model in 1988?

A

Self-efficacy - Whether or not someone feels that they can perform the action required to reach a desired outcome.

36
Q

Give an example of Health Belief Model: Interventions.

A

In Iran female primary school children received a lecture based on the models factors to promote regular eating of fruit and vegetables. It resulted in a positive impact on the nutrition behaviour for students . Perceived susceptibility had the largest influence.

37
Q

What is a health intervention?

A

An action taken to improve the health of an individual or group.

38
Q

Why should we use the health behaviour model?

A

It can be used to promote guidance on health and disease prevention.

39
Q

Limitations of Health Behaviour Change.

A
  1. Does not capture complex psychosocial factors.
  2. Qualitative research is used so often small number of participants makes it not generalisable.
40
Q

What psychological factors influence health?

A

Emotional stress can disrupt basic biological processes.
Long term stress can lead to physical health issues.
Impairing health behaviours such as drinking, smoking, poor diet can negatively impact physical health.

41
Q

What is stress?

A

An uncomfortable emotion experience followed by a physiological response.

42
Q

What is a stressor?

A

A stimulus that results in the stress response.

43
Q

What is anxiety

A

A reaction to stress

44
Q

What is acute stress?

A

Stress experienced over short period of time

45
Q

What is chronic stress?

A

Experienced consistently over a long period of time.

46
Q

What are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1956)

A
  1. Initial response - alarm reaction, fight or flight, release of adrenaline and hormones.
  2. Resistance stage - stressor exposure continues, alarm reaction diminishes, hormone release continues.
  3. Exhaustion - body begins to show signs of damage.
47
Q

What causes chronic stress?

A

.Pressure at work or home
.Relationship issues
.Life events
.Adverse experiences

48
Q

What are the physical impact of chronic stress?

A

.Muscle tension
.Cardiovascular issues
.Immune system impairment
.GI issues
.Weight issues

49
Q

How does stress react with the GI system?

A
  1. Gut contains neurons which are linked to the brain. This can be disrupted by stress resulting in pain and bloating.
  2. Stress can alter gut bacteria. People with anxiety and depression have different gut biomes in comparison to those without. These changes influence mood and emotions.
50
Q

What effects does stress have on digestion?

A

Stress can slow or halt digestion as energy is directed elsewhere due to the fight or flight system.

Increase or reduce appetite c

Reduce bowel motility - diarrhoea or constipation which effects nutrient absorption in the intestine.

51
Q

What is the link between chronic stress and weight?

A

Chronic stress results in high level of cortisol which has been linked to increased abdominal weight.

52
Q

What are adverse childhood experiences?

A

Stressful events in childhood that directly effect the child or the environment which they live.

53
Q

Experiencing 4+ ACES can result in?

A

Increased risk of poorer physical health outcomes as an adult.

  1. Developing obesity
  2. Smoking
  3. CVD
54
Q

How to manage stress?

A

1.Physical activity
2.Good sleep
3.Socialising
4. Eating a healthy and nutritious diet
5. Relaxation techniques - mindfulness

Introduction To Dietetics (4 decks)

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