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MT 6314 2nd Shift > 6.1: Intro To Toxicology > Flashcards

6.1: Intro To Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace

A

Occupational Toxicology

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2
Q

Oversees workplace safety and health regulation

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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3
Q

standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

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4
Q

Regulatory limits set by OSHA

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

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5
Q

represent the airborne concentrations of substances that workers can be exposed to on a daily basis without adverse health effects

A

threshold limit values (TLVs)

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6
Q

deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants
in the environment, on living organisms

A

Ecotoxicology

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7
Q

ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting

A

Hazard

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8
Q

expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

A

Risk

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9
Q

Routes of Exposure

A

Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral

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10
Q

Water and Soil pollutants are absorbed through?

A

inhalational, ingestion or transdermal

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11
Q

An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a

A

dose

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12
Q

single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time (e.g. accidental discharge)

A

Acute Exposure

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13
Q

single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time (e.g. repetitive handling of chemical)

A

Chronic Exposure

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14
Q

What are the Environmental Considerations?

A

• Degradability, bioaccumulation, transport and
biomagnification

• Poorly degraded chemicals (by abiotic or biotic pathways)
exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate.

• Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated
biphenyls, dioxins and furans

• Methyl mercury discharges -> neurotoxic

• Lipophilic substances: organochlorine pesticides
bioaccumulate in body fat -> endocrine disruption,
neurological disorders, and carcinogenesis

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15
Q

[ T or F ]

Poorly degraded chemicals do not exhibit environmental persistence and can’t accumulate

A

FALSE. they exhibit and can accumulate

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16
Q

concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain.

A

Biomagnification

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17
Q

True or False:

The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.

A

Chrew

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18
Q

• Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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19
Q

[T or F]

Carbon Monoxide has teratogenic potential

A

True that

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20
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action

A

• CO combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen-binding site of hemoglobin (Hb)

• Carboxyhemoglobin

• CO affinity 220x oxygen

• Reduced oxygen transfer to the tissues

• Organs with the highest oxygen demand are most seriously affected (Brain, Heart and Kidneys)

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21
Q

Clinical Effects of Carbon Monoxide

A
  • Symptoms of hypoxia
  • Psychomotor impairment
  • Headache and tightness in the temporal area
  • Confusion and loss of visual acuity
  • Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma
  • Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure
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22
Q

Carbon Monoxide is aggravated by:

A
  • Heavy labor
  • High Altitude
  • High Ambient Temperature
  • Smoking exposure
  • Cardiorespiratory diseases
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23
Q

Treatment for Carbon Monoxide

A

• First step: Remove from source

• Oxygen is the specific antagonist for CO

• High concentrations of oxygen for a short amount of time only

• Hypothermic therapy

• Neuropsychological and motor dysfunction persists
for a long time after treatment

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24
Q

It is a colorless irritant gas and is generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur- containing fossil fuel

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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25
Q

The principal source of urban SO2 are:

A
  • Burning of coal
  • Domestic heating
  • High-sulfur transportation
  • Coal-fired power plants
26
Q

Mechanism of Action
[Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)]

A
  • High solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms
    sulfurous acid.
  • Severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes,
    respiratory tract and skin
  • 90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the Upper Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma
  • The phenomenon of adapting to irritating
    concentrations     has been reported in workers
27
Q

Clinical Effects and Treatment [ Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ]

A
  • Eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions
  • Bronchial Asthma
  • Delayed-onset pulmonary edema
  • Treatment: supportive, non-specific
28
Q

Identify the air pollutant:

  • Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
  • Farmers exposed to fresh silage
  • Miners exposed to diesel equipment
  • Automobile and truck traffic emissions
A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

29
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)?

A
  • Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant
  • Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar expansion
30
Q

Clinical Effects and Treatment [ Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) ]

A
  • Silo-Filler’s Disease, Non-allergic Asthma, ”Twitchy-airway disease”
  • Acute: Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production, dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal
    bronchioles
  • Chronic: Emphysematous changes
  • Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
31
Q

• Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere

• Burning of fossil fuel

• Emitted from power plants, motor vehicles and other sources of high heat compounds

• high-voltage electrical equipment and air and water purification systems

• agriculture

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

32
Q

Mechanism of Action
[Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides ]

A
  • Irritant of mucous membranes
  • Produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema
  • Formation of reactive free radicals
33
Q

Clinical Effects and Treatment
[ Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides ]

A
  • Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary
    compliance
  • Acute: Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS
    *Chronic: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Emphysema
    *Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
34
Q

What are the 2 solvents?

A
  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
35
Q

• Halohydrocarbons

• found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and
cleaning agents

• Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform,
tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane

• Most are classified as known or probable human carcinogens

• Freon, a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the ozone

• layer in the trophosphere

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

36
Q

Clinical Effects
[Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons]

A
  • Human Carcinogens - some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer
  • CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury, cardiotoxicity, arrythmia
  • Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy
  • Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
37
Q

What are the three types of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A

• Benzene

• Toluene

• Xylene

38
Q

It is component of gasoline

A

Benzene

39
Q

What is the Acute Exposure of Benzene?

A
  • CNS Depression
  • Nausea
  • Euphoria
  • Locomotor Problems
  • Coma
  • Vertigo, Drowsiness and headaches
40
Q

What are the Chronic Exposure of Benzene?

A

Bone Marrow Injury

Aplastic Anemia, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia

41
Q

Treatment [ BENZENE ]

A

Supportive, non-specific

42
Q

• Methylbenzene

• paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives

• No myelotoxic properties

• CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic

• Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

A

Toluene

43
Q

Identify this aromatic hydrocarbons

  • dimethylbenzene
  • Colorless, sweet-smelling agent
  • Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing operations
  • No myelotoxic properties
  • CNS depressant, skin irritant
A

Xylene

44
Q

Different types of Pesticides

A
  • Organochlorine Pesticides
  • Organophosphorus Pesticides
  • Carbamate Pesticides
  • Botanical Pesticides
45
Q

Identify the pesticide:

  • Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents
  • Known endocrine disruptors in humans and animals
  • DDT – domestic mosquito elimination in malaria-infested regions of Africa
  • Long-term effects poorly understood
A

Organochlorine Pesticides

46
Q

Four classes of Organochlorine Pesticides

A
  • DDT (chlorphenothane) and analogs
  • Benzenehexachlorides
  • Cyclodienes
  • Toxaphenes
47
Q

Mechanism of Action and Clinical Effects
[Organochlorine Pesticides]

A
  • MOA: interfere with inactivation of the sodium channel in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons; calcium ion transport is inhibited
  • DDT – Tremor is the first manifestation
  • Carcinogenic potential but more long-term studies are required
48
Q

Identify this pesticide:

  • Used against large variety of pests
  • Direct contact or via plant systemic
  • Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman and tabun
  • Absorbed via the skin, respiratory and GI tract
  • In the environment, not considered a persistent pesticide
A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

49
Q

Mechanism of Action and Clinical Effects
[Organophosphorus Pesticides]

A
  • MOA: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through
    phosphorylation of the esteratic state
  • M-U-D-D-L-E-S
  • If not reversed, patients will develop neuromuscular
    transmission failure     – cardiorespiratory failure, weakness of respiratory muscles and death
  • Specific treatment and useful antagonists are available
    (i.e. physostigmine, pralidoximine)
50
Q

What are the 4 Environmental Pollutants

A

• Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
• Perfluorinated Compounds
• Endocrine Disruptors
• Asbestos

51
Q

• Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds
• Used for insulation, fire retardancy
• Mass production resulted in enormous environmental problems
• Very toxic and now banned for use
• Food is the major source of PCB Residues in humans
• Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with reproductive and teratogenic effects on animal studies
• Persists in the environment

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

52
Q

• Coolant materials in air-conditioning systems
• Used as oxygen-carrying materials in clinical studies
• Used as heat-, stain-, and stick-resistant coatings for
cookware, fabrics and other materials (i.e. Teflon)
• Had deleterious effect in the ozone layer of the atmosphere
• Persistent environmental chemical

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

53
Q

• Ingested and inhaled by humans
• Human half-life is 3 years
• Potent endocrine disruptor
• Long-term adverse effect on reproductive function,
cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic mechanisms
• Associated with proliferation of breast cancer cells;
renal, ovarian,prostate and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Associated with cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities
• Polymer Fume Fever

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

54
Q

• Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal action
• Estrogen-like or antiandrogenic effects; some affect thyroid functions
• Includes plant constituents like phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens
• Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants
• Increasing concerns mainly due to bioaccumulation, toxicity and increasing contamination in the environment

A

Endocrine Disruptors

55
Q

• Widely used in industry for over 100 years
• Causes progressive fibrotic lung diseases (asbestosis), lung cancer, mesothelioma
• Synergistic effect with cigarette smoking and exposure to radon daughters
• Mechanism for cancer is not well-defined

A

Asbestos

56
Q

Identify this metal:

  • Light alkaline metal
  • Used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental equipment;
    devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones and heat shield tiles in space vehicles
  • Inhalational route
  • Human carcinogen (class 1)
  • Acute Beryllium Disease and Chronic Beryllium Disease
  • rogressive pulmonary fibrosis
A

Beryllium (Be)

57
Q

• Transition metal
• Found in nickel cadmium batteries, pigments, low-melting
point eutectic materials; in solder; in television phospors;
and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics
• Inhaled and ingested
• Cadmium Fume Fever
• Chronic exposure may lead to progressive pulmonary fibrosis, renal failure
• Human Carcinogen (Class 1)

A

Cadmium (Cd)

58
Q
  • Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between 1 to 100 nm in size
  • Gold, silver, cadmium, ceramic, aluminum oxide nanowears, carbon, silicon, and germanium nanotubes, zinc oxide nanocrystal, gold nanowafers, and copper oxide nanocubes
  • Toxicology profile is fairly novel
  • The increasing production led to environmental contamination
A

Nanomaterials

59
Q
  • Inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral are the routes
    of exposure
  • toxicity may be both similar and different from the
    larger, bulk materials
  • Can cross cellular membranes, penetrate nuclear material and genetic information
  • Silica – kidney toxicity
  • Zinc oxide – hepatocellular damage
  • Multiwalled carbon nanotubes – cytotoxic in humans
  • Titanium dioxide – toxic to lungs and other organs
A

Nanomaterials

60
Q

Hierarchy of Controls

A
  • elimination
  • substitution
  • engineering controls
  • administrative controls
    *PPE

[ESEAP]

61
Q

Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

A

Risk

62
Q

Byproduct of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

MT 6314 2nd Shift (8 decks)

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