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Biology IB YR12-13 > A1.2 Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

A1.2 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

2 main functions of nucleic acids

A
  • pass information between generations
  • code for protein production
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2
Q

types of nucleic acids

A

dna rna

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3
Q

types of RNA

A

tRNA - transfer
rRNA - ribosome
mRNA - messenger

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4
Q

main role of Dna

A

carries genetic code in all living organisms
passes hereditary information between generations of cells

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5
Q

main role of rna

A

protein synthesis
codes for making protein

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6
Q

difference between nucleotide bases in RNA and DNA

A

A C G is the same
in RNA the T is replaced by a U

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7
Q

structure of nucleotides

A

pentose sugars

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8
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix

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9
Q

difference in DNA and RNA structure

A

there is an extra oxygen in 2’ of RNA

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10
Q

Components of a nucleotide

A

A pentose sugar (a sugar with 5 carbon atoms)
A nitrogen-containing organic base (with either 1 or 2 rings of atoms)
A phosphate group (this is acidic and negatively charged)

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11
Q

purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine are purine bases

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12
Q

pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine, thymine (in DNA) and uracil (in RNA) are pyrimidine bases

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13
Q

how are the two strands in DNA connected

A

hydrogen bonds connecting the nucleotide bases

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14
Q

structure of purines

A

double ringed structures

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15
Q

structure of pyramidines

A

single ringed structures

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16
Q

how many bonds do A & T have in between them

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

how many bonds do C & G have in between them

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

what is the backbone

A

sugar - phosphate

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19
Q

polynucleotides

A

phosphate group of one nucleotide forms a covalent bond to the pentose sugar of the next one

a long unbranched chain of nucleotides as found in DNA and RNA

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20
Q

how are the phosphate groups linked

A

condensation reaction

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21
Q

where is (mRNA) formed and transported

A

formed in the nucleus and transported to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

what is transfer RNA resposible for (tRNA) - function

A

which is responsible for transporting amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

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23
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

forms part of ribosomes

24
Q

anti parallel

A

DNA molecules are made up of two polynucleotide strands lying side by side, running in opposite directions

25
Q

direction of strands in dna

A

5’-3’
3’-5’ - antiparallel

26
Q

what does 5’ end with

A

phosphate

27
Q

what does 3’ end with

A

pentose

28
Q

what creates structural support In back bone and why is it necessary?

A

sharing of electron in the covalent bond between sugar and phosphate - provides strength to structure

strength maintains nucleotides in their specific sequence which is necessary for storing, replication and expression of genetic information

29
Q

what is complementary base pairing

A

A with T
C with G

allows genetic information to be replicated and expressed

30
Q

a

A

adenine

31
Q

t

A

thymine

32
Q

c

A

cytosine

33
Q

u

A

uracil

34
Q

g

A

guanine

35
Q

genetic code

A

the order of bases in DNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein

36
Q

coding strand

A

the strand that will carry the base sequence to be read by enzymes

37
Q

codon

A

triplet of bases which codes for one animo acid

38
Q

how many bases code for one amino acid

A

3

39
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

40
Q

gene

A

heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA that codes for a protein

41
Q

chromosome

A

length of DNA that carries specific genes in a linear sequence

42
Q

locus

A

particular position of a gene on the homologous chromosomes

43
Q

what does the sequence of amino acids determine

A

determine the shape and function of the protein that is synthesised from the code

44
Q

The genetic code is universal

A

meaning that almost every organism uses the same code (there are a few rare and minor exceptions)

45
Q

allele

A

different versions of the same gene
alternative form

46
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes one from each parents that carry the same sequences of genes

47
Q

genome

A

whole of the genetic information of an organism or cell

48
Q

mutation

A

a change in the amount or the structure of DNA of a chromosome

49
Q

process of decoding a gene consists of

A

transcription translation

50
Q

transcription

A

formation of mRNA molecules from the DNA that makes up a particular gene. first stage of protein synthesis

51
Q

translation

A

the later part of protein synthesis when the mRNA is used as a template to which complementary tRNA molecules attach and the amino acids link to form a polypeptide

52
Q

where is DNA found

A

nucleus - eukaryotic cell
nucleic or plasmids - prokaryotic

can be found in mitochondria and chloroplasts as well

53
Q

where is RNA found

A

made in nucleus during transcription and then transported to cytoplasm

54
Q

complementary base pairing meaning

A

base sequence on one DNA strand determines the sequence of the other strand

55
Q

what does complimentary base pairing allow

A

allows DNA to be copied very precisely during DNA replication which in turn ensures that the genetic code is accurately copied and expressed in newly formed cells

56
Q

dna storage ability and why

A

limitless capacity to store information

because there is a very diverse range of DNA base sequences in DNA molecules of different lengths

Biology IB YR12-13 (19 decks)

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