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Network Security > Chapter 2: Deploying Ethernet Cabling > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Deploying Ethernet Cabling Flashcards

1
Q

Relationship between physical and data link layer

A

Very closely related to one another, to the point that some industries routinely combine them in their products

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2
Q

What are the cons of satellite bandwidth, and where is useful for deployment?

A

Limited bandwidth; best for rural areas

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3
Q

What is a carrier wave?

A

wave that transmits electromagnetic radiation via modulation and encoding schemes

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4
Q

What is bandwidth?

A

Frequency range measured in cycles/sec or Hz

In data networking, amounts to amount of data that can be transferred in multiples of bits per sec (bps)

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5
Q

What do copper cables transmit?

A

Electrical signals

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6
Q

In what environment is copper cabling popular?

A

Offices and for LANs

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7
Q

What is twisted pair (TP) cabling?

A

Copper cabling consisting of copper pairs that each transmit the same signal, but at different polarity; for each pair within a given copper cable, the pairs are twisted at different rates to reduce interference and crosstalk

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8
Q

In what environments is TP popular?

A

For telephone systems and in data networks to connect devices to modems or routers

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9
Q

What is solid copper cabling and where is it deployed?

A

Copper cabling consisting of single thick wire/conductor that is deployed behind walls or through ducts

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10
Q

What is the AWG for solid copper cabling?

A

22 -24 AWG

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11
Q

What is stranded copper cabling and where is it deployed?

A

Copper cabling consisting of thin filament wires wrapped around one another that is commonly used for flex patch cords to connect devices to wall ports and switch ports to patch panel ports

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12
Q

What is AWG of stranded copper cabling?

A

26 AWG

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13
Q

What is a disadvantage of stranded copper cabling?

A

High attenuation

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14
Q

What is AWG?

A

American Wire Gauge

determines wire thickness, with a higher value indicating a thinner wire

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15
Q

What are the two subtypes of TP cabling?

A

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

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16
Q

What is UTP?

A

TP cabling that consists of four pairs of color-coded wires twisted around each other to prevent crosstalk

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17
Q

Of the types of TP cabling, which is the most commonly deployed?

A

UTP

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18
Q

What is flood wiring?

A

When cables are laid to every location in a building that may need to support a connected device

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19
Q

What are the two types of STP?

A

Screened and fully-shielded

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20
Q

What is screened STP?

A

Where 1 thin out foil is wrapped around all pairs

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21
Q

What names is screened STP known by?

A

Screened STP (ScTP), Foiled/Unshielded (F/UTP), Foiled Twisted Pair (FTP)

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22
Q

What is fully shielded STP?

A

Where foil is wrapped around all pairs and there is a braided outer screen

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23
Q

What names is fully shielded STP known by?

A

Shielded/Foiled (S/FTP), Foil Outer Shield (F/FTP)

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24
Q

What is a requirement concerning other components when deploying STP?

A

Connectors must also be shielded/screened

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25
Q

Where is STP deployed?

A

In environments with a lot of interference or when deploying certain Ethernet standards

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26
Q

What is a straight (or patch) cable?

A

Where both ends of the wire use the same standard for wiring

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27
Q

When and where is patch cable deployed?

A

Commonly in LAN networks to connect dissimilar devices together

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28
Q

What is crossover cable?

A

Where each end of a wire are wired using different standards

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29
Q

When is crossover cable used?

A

When connecting similar devices together

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30
Q

What are the names of the two wiring standards

A

568A and 568B

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31
Q

What is the order of wires for 568A?

A

WG, G, WO, Bl, WBL, O, WBr, Br

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32
Q

What is the order of wires for 568B?

A

WO, O, WG, Bl, WBl, G, WBr, Br

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33
Q

Where is 568A used?

A

TIA standard and US government mandated for residential cabling

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34
Q

Where is 568B used?

A

most common in US

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35
Q

Who created the CAT categories for cabling?

A

ANSI, Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

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36
Q

What are the CAT categories for cabling?

A

3, 5, 5e, 6, 6a, 7, 8

From lowest to highest, indicates max speed

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37
Q

Which CAT cabling are largely obsolete?

A

CAT 3 and 5

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38
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 3 cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

10 Mbps, 10 BASE-T

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39
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 5 cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

100 Mbps, 100 BASE-TX

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40
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 5e cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

1 Gbps, Enhanced Ethernet: 10 Gbps cable length less than 100m

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41
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 6 cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

1 Gbps, 1000 BASE-T

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42
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 7 cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

10 Gbps, Added Shielding: 10G BASE-Tv

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43
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 6a cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

10 Gbps, Augmented Ethernet: 10G BASE-T

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44
Q

What is the max speed for CAT 8 cabling and what Ethernet standard does it support?

A

40 Gbps, 40G BASE-T (up to 30m)

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45
Q

Are CAT cables backwards compatible to lower Ethernet standards?

A

Yes

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46
Q

What is the distance restriction of CAT 6 cabling?

A

55m

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47
Q

What distances is CAT 6a used over?

A

Over 100 m

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48
Q

What is a disadvantage of CAT 6a?

A

It is bulkier than CAT 5e and may not fit into legacy pathways

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49
Q

What is CAT 6a TIA/EIA standard for?

A

For use in healthcare facilities
For Power Over Ethernet (POE) 802.3 bt installations
For horizontal connections to WAPs

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50
Q

Who does and does not recognize CAT 7 cabling?

A

Recognized by ISO, not by EIA/TIA recognized

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51
Q

What does CAT 8 cabling require?

A

Requires STP cabling

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52
Q

Where is CAT 8 cabling used?

A

In data centers for short patch cable runs

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53
Q

What are the two ISO CAT 8 types?

A

8.1 (Class I) and 8.2 (Class II)

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54
Q

What is ISO 8.1 cabling equivalent to?

A

TIA/EIA CAT 8

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55
Q

What is ISO 8.2 cabling?

A

CAT 8 cabling with additional outer shielding and screening

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56
Q

What is required for faster net applications, such as Gigabit Ethernet?

A

6a + wiring and 6a + patch panels, wall plates, and connectors

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57
Q

What are the five main types of copper cabling connectors?

A

RJ45, RJ11, RJ14/RJ25, GG45, and TERA

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58
Q

What is RJ45?

A

RJ = Registered Jack

Consists of 4 pairs, 8 wire cables (8P8C) with a snagless plastic retaining clip protected by a rubber boot

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59
Q

What is RJ11?

A

Consists of 2 or 3 pairs of UTP, with middle four of max six most commonly used

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60
Q

What are pins 3 and 4 of RJ11 used for?

A

dial tone and voice circuit

= tip and ring wires

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61
Q

Where are GG45 and TERA connectors used?

A

For CAT 7 and ISO 8.2 (Class II) cabling

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62
Q

What is difference in the conductor wires for CAT 7 and 8?

A

Solid color (vs striped white colors of other CAT cables) due to sensitivity

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63
Q

What is a plenum space?

A

A void in a building designed to carry HVAC and communication systems

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64
Q

What are the characteristics of fire-resistant plenum cable?

A

Does not emit large amounts of smoke when burned, is self-extinguishing, and meets other strict fire safety standards

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65
Q

What is fire-resistant plenum cable made of?

A

treated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or Fluorinated Ethylene Polymer (FEP)

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66
Q

Who rates fire-resistant plenum cable?

A

US National Electrical Code (NEC)

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67
Q

What is the rating for fire-resistant plenum cable?

A

CMP/MMP

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68
Q

What is non-plenum (general purpose) cable rated?

A

CMG/MMG or CM/MP

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69
Q

What is a riser?

A

Cabling that passes between two floors

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70
Q

What are the requirements for riser-rated cabling?

A

During installation, opening created must not allow fire to spread through conduit

Must meet fire safety standards, though not as strict as for plenum-rated cabling

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71
Q

What is the rating for riser-rated cabling?

A

CMR/MPR

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72
Q

What is co-axial (coax) cable?

A

Cable consisting of two conductors that share the same axis

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73
Q

What are the components of coax cable?

A

Core conductor made of solid or stranded wires
Plastic insulator that acts as a dielectric
Second conductor made of wire mesh
Tough plastic sheath

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74
Q

What is the Radio Grade (RG) standard?

A

Measure of core conductor thickness and cable’s characteristic impedance

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75
Q

What RG coaxial cabling is used for drop cable for Cable Access TV (CATV) and broadband cable modems?

A

RG-6 which consists of 18 AWG cable with 75 ohm impedance

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76
Q

What type of connectors are used for coax cable?

A

screw on F-connectors

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77
Q

What is twinaxial (twinax) cabling?

A

Coaxial cabling with two inner conductors

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78
Q

Where is twinax cabling used?

A

In data centers using 10GbE (10G BASE-CR)
In 40GbE (40G BASE-CR4), less than 5m for passive cable types and less than 10m for active cable types

79
Q

What type of connectors does twinax cabling use?

A

STP and Direct Attach Copper (DAC) / QSFP and DAC transceivers

80
Q

What is optical fiber?

A

Thin, flexible strands of ultra-pure glass (or plastic) that transmits data in the form of infrared light at very high speeds

81
Q

What are the three components of optical fiber?

A

Core, cladding, buffer

81
Q

What is the core of optical fiber?

A

Also known as a waveguide, it is where light travels

82
Q

What is the cladding of optical fiber?

A

The outer layer that prevents the escape of light

83
Q

How does the cladding prevent light escaping?

A

Via total internal reflection (core index of refraction > cladding index of refraction)

84
Q

What is the buffer of optical fiber?

A

Protective plastic coating in a tight or loose configuration

85
Q

What is the difference between tight and loose configurations for the optical fiber buffer?

A

Lubrication between cladding and buffer is present in tight configuration, but not loose

86
Q

What are the benefits of fiber optic cabling?

A
  1. stronger than steel and more durable than copper
  2. not affected by electrical faults or lightning strikes
  3. does not rust
  4. lower maintenance costs
87
Q

What is fiber optic cabling most used for?

A

Long-distance telecommunications and within datacenters

88
Q

What are limiters of speed or information-carrying capacity for fiber optic cabling?

A
  1. glass/plastic quality
  2. attenuation
  3. dispersion
  4. bend-induced loss
89
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Where signal dims over length of cable or due to bending

90
Q

What is dispersion?

A

A distortion along the fiber length caused by different spectral components moving at different speeds within fiber medium

91
Q

What are the two types of bend related loss?

A

Macro-bending and micro-bending

92
Q

What is macro-bending?

A

When a fiber optic wire has been bent

93
Q

What is micro-bending?

A

Attenuation due to high frequency of light - i.e. more bounces present

94
Q

What are two types of fiber optic cabling outer jackets?

A
  1. Kevlar (Aramid) strands and fiberglass rods (strength members)
  2. Ske/Shield (armor)
95
Q

Where are Kevlar outer jackets used?

A

Used to prevent bending and twisting when pulling cabling to install it

96
Q

Where are SKE/Shield outer jackets used?

A

In outdoor environments to prevent rodents gnawing on the cable

97
Q

What are the two types of fiber optic cabling?

A

Single mode (SMF) and multimode (MMF)

98
Q

What are the characteristics of SMF cabling?

A

Has a small core (8 nanometers) and cladding of about 125 micrometers

99
Q

What is SMF cabling best used for?

A

For long (over 1 km) runs

100
Q

What wavelength is the light generated by lasers used in SMF?

A

1310 or 150 nm

101
Q

What is the cutoff wavelength?

A

Wavelength above which a fiber will support only a single mode

102
Q

What determines a fiber’s cutoff wavelength?

A

fiber’s index of refraction, length, bending, cabling process, and deployment environment

103
Q

What is the mode field diameter?

A

defines size of optical power distribution in fiber (or how much light propagates within the cladding)

104
Q

Up to what Ethernet standard does SMF support?

A

100 Gbps Ethernet standards

105
Q

What are the two standards for SMF?

A

OS1 and OS2

106
Q

Where is OS1 deployed?

A

Indoors

107
Q

Where is OS2 deployed?

A

Outdoors

108
Q

What are the characteristics of MMF cabling?

A

larger core size (50 nm) and cladding of 125 micrometers

109
Q

What differentiates MMF from SMF?

A

MMF allows light to travel down many paths within a single fiber simultaneously

110
Q

What wavelengths are used in MMF?

A

850 - 1300 nm of varying length

111
Q

Where is MMF used?

A

In data centers and for storage area networks (SANs), LANs and over short distances (less 550m)

112
Q

What is numerical aperture?

A

Angular range of acceptance of light into a MMF

113
Q

What are the MMF designations?

A

OM1/OM2, OM3/OM4

114
Q

Who manages Optical Mode (OM) designations?

A

ISO/TEC 1180/1 standard

115
Q

What are the sizes of OM1/OM2 and what is used for?

A

OM1 - 67.5 micrometers, OM2 - 50 micrometers
Used for up to 1 Gbps

116
Q

What type of transmitters do OM1/OM2 use?

A

LED transmitters

117
Q

What are the sizes of OM3/OM4?

A

50 micrometers

118
Q

What type of transmitters do OM3/OM4 use?

A

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSEL)

119
Q

What is OM3/OM4 also known as?

A

Laser-optimized MMF

120
Q

What are the types of optical fiber connectors?

A

Straight Tip (ST), subscriber connector (SC), local connector (LC), mechanical transfer registered jack (MTRJ)

121
Q

What are straight tip (ST) connectors?

A

A bayonet-style connector with a push and twist locking mechanism

122
Q

Where have ST connectors historically been used? Are they still in use?

A

Historically for MMF networks, not widely used modernly

123
Q

What are subscriber connectors (SC)?

A

Fiber connectors with push/pull design

124
Q

Where are SC used?

A

For SMF and MMF networks, commonly for GbE

125
Q

What are local connectors (LC)?

A

Connectors with a tabbed push/pull design

126
Q

How do LCs compare to SCs?

A

LCs are smaller and allow for higher port density

127
Q

Where are LCs used?

A

For GbE and 10/40 GbE

128
Q

What are mechanical transfer registered jacks (MTRJ)?

A

A small form factor duplex connector with snap in design

129
Q

Where are MTRJs used?

A

In MMF networks

130
Q

What are the finishing types for fiber optical cabling?

A

Physical Contact (PC), Ultra Physical Contact (UPC), Angled Physical Contact (APC)

131
Q

What is the Physical Contact (PC) finishing type?

A

where the connector and tip faces are polished so they curve slightly and fit together better

132
Q

What is the Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) finishing type?

A

similar to PC but with higher standard of polishing

133
Q

What is the Angled Physical Contact (APC) finishing type?

A

connector and tip faces are angled for even tighter connection

134
Q

Can APC be mixed with PC or UPC?

A

No

135
Q

What is APC used for?

A

Cable Access TV networks, long distance transmissions, and Passive Optical Networks (PONs)

136
Q

What are Ethernet standards?

A

IEEE 802.3 definition that means that network cabling meets bandwidth requirements of applications up to supported distance limitations

137
Q

What does this template mean: x BASE - y

A

x: bit rate in megabits per sec (Mbps) or gigabits per sec (Gbps)
BASE: signal mode (mainstream is baseband)
-y: media type designator

138
Q

What does -T mean?

A

Twisted pair cabling

139
Q

What is Media Access Control (MAC)?

A

methods technology use to determine when nodes can communicate on shared media and deal with possible problems

140
Q

What MAC system does 10 BASE-T Ethernet use?

A

Contention-based MAC system where each connected node is in the same collision domain

141
Q

What is Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)?

A

Method used in half-duplex systems to avoid collisions of data packets on network and respond correctly if collisions occur

142
Q

According to CSMA/CD, what happens after a collision?

A

Computers that cause collision transmit a jamming signal and then computer will wait a random amount of time before trying to resend data

143
Q

What type of cabling was used in 10 BASE-T?

A

Early twisted pair cabling and coaxial cabling

144
Q

What types of pulses are used to determine viability of a 10 BASE-T network?

A

Regular electrical pulses used to confirm viability in and out of network

145
Q

Does 100 BASE-TX use CSMA/CD?

A

Yes

146
Q

What CAT cabling is required for 100 BASE-TX?

A

CAT 5+, with max length at 100m (328 ft)

147
Q

Does 100 BASE-TX use hubs or switches?

A

switches

148
Q

How do 100 BASE-TX networks establish backwards compatibility with older networks?

A

Via an auto-negotiation protocol that allows the host to choose the highest supported connection parameters

149
Q

How does 100 BASE-TX advertise it’s service capabilities?

A

Via Fast Link Pulse, a 16-bit data packet inserted into signal advertising

150
Q

Is 100 BASE-TX used modernly?

A

Only in legacy systems

151
Q

What type of cabling is required for 1000 BASE-T?

A

CAT 5e +

152
Q

Does 1000 BASE-T allow hubs?

A

No

153
Q

What is max distance of cable deployment between node and switch port or between switches in 1000 BASE-T?

A

100 m (328 ft)

154
Q

What factors should you consider when deploying fiber or copper cabling in a 1000 BASE-T network?

A

Copper cabling is cheaper and has greater NIC support
Fiber optic has better upgrade potential

155
Q

What is the mainstream Ethernet standard?

A

1000 BASE-T

156
Q

What is required to deploy 10 GB Ethernet over long distances?

A

higher categories of CAT cable and shielding

157
Q

Why is 10 GB Ethernet not common?

A

Due to high costs of network adapters and transceivers

158
Q

Where are fiber Ethernet standards commonly deployed?

A

To serve as backbone cabling in office networks and for workstations with high bandwidth requirements

159
Q

What is CSMA/CA?

A

MAC used in wireless networks

160
Q

How does CSMA/CA differ from CSMA/CD, besides deployment environment?

A

CSMA/CA does not have collision detection, but instead employs collision avoidance

161
Q

How does CSMA/CA avoid collisions?

A

By listening for transmissions, waiting a short amount of time to check if destination device gives acknowledgment, then sending

162
Q

What is the RTS/CTS protocol?

A

Ready To Send/ Clear To Send
optional protocol that works in conjunction with CSMA/CA
RTS - stops all traffic to WAP - CTS = acknowledgment from WAP

163
Q

What are some environmental requirements for a data center?

A

Temperature at around 60 degrees and humidity maintained in the mid 40s to prevent static electricity

164
Q

What are the five subsystems of a structured cabling system?

A
  1. work area
  2. horizontal cabling
  3. backbone cabling
  4. telecommunications room
  5. entrance facilities/ demarc
165
Q

What is a work area?

A

where user equipment is located and connected to network via a wall port

166
Q

What is horizontal cabling?

A

Cabling that connect user work areas to nearest horizontal cross connect (HCCs) = (distribution frame)

167
Q

What is backbone cabling?

A

Cabling that connects HCCs to main cross-connect

168
Q

What is a telecommunications room?

A

areas that house HCCs and connect them to backbone cabling

169
Q

What is an equipment room?

A

A room that contains main or intermediate cross-connects, switches, routers, or modems

170
Q

What is an entrance facility/demarc?

A

A special type of equipment room that marks the point at which external cabling from outside plant is joined to internal (premises) cabling

171
Q

What is a 66 Block?

A

Older distribution frame used for telephone cabling and legacy data applications that consists of 50 rows of four IDC terminals with a jumper (bridging clip) over middle two terminals to complete connection between access provider side and private branch exchange (PBX) side

172
Q

What is a 110 Block?

A

A two module distribution frame that supports 100 MHz operations that has higher density than 66 block, space for labeling, and color-coordination

173
Q

What cabling is required for 110 Block?

A

CAT 5+

174
Q

What is insulation displacement contact (IDC)?

A

Connector used to terminate twisted pair cables by cutting insulation from wire and holding it in place

175
Q

What are B1X and Krone Distribution Frames?

A

single module distribution frame

176
Q

Where are B1X and 110 Blocks common?

A

North America

177
Q

Where are Krone Distribution Frames common?

A

Europe

178
Q

What is a patch panel/ patch bay?

A

A distribution block with IDC’s on one side and pre-terminated RJ-45 modulation ports on the other

179
Q

Why are patch panels beneficial?

A

Simplifies moves, adds, and changes (MACs)

180
Q

Where are patch panels commonly deployed?

A

Where connections need to change often, such as work areas or backbones

181
Q

What does pulling cable mean?

A

Process of installing fixed cable from bulk spool through conduits or wall spaces

182
Q

What considerations should be made when pulling cable?

A

Minimize bending and proximity to electrical power cables and fittings

183
Q

What are the types of transceiver connectors for fiber optic?

A

Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) form factor
Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP)
LC
SFP+
Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable (QSFP)

184
Q

What is GBIC?

A

SC ports for 4 GbE that are bulky

185
Q

What are SFP?

A

a smaller GBIC

186
Q

How must transceiver connectors be installed?

A

As pairs

187
Q

What is QSFP used for?

A

4 GbE

188
Q

What is QSFP+ used for?

A

40 GbE

189
Q

What is wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)?

A

Using a single strand to transmit and/or receive more than one channel at a time

190
Q

What is bidirectional WDM?

A

where slightly shifted Tx and Rx signals transmitted

191
Q

What is dense WDM?

A

20, 40, 160, 80 channels

191
Q

What is coarse WDM?

A

Less than 16 wavelengths; 4 or 8 bidirectional channels over single strand

192
Q

What does dense WDM require?

A

very precise and expensive lasers and proper installations of transceivers

Network Security (3 decks)

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