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Soil Science Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Modern Soil Science

A

V.V. Dokuchaev

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2
Q

He discussed the factors of soil formation and he introduced the ABC horizon nomenclature system.

A

V.V. Dokuchaev

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3
Q

In 1941, he published the book “Factors of Soil Formation”.

A

Hans Jenny

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4
Q

A systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area.

A

Soil Survey and Classification

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5
Q

The vertical section from the soil surface down to the bedrock or water table below.

A

Soil Profile

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6
Q

It is the horizontal layer of the soil.

A

Soil Horizon

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7
Q

This master horizon is composed of organic material.

A

O Horizon

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8
Q

This O subhorizon is where the organic material is well decomposed.

A

Oa subhorizon

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9
Q

This generally shows show horizons which may differ from one another in terms of various properties.

A

Soil Profile

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10
Q

The O horizon can be further classified into 3:

A

Oi, Oe, Oa

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11
Q

The subhorizon where the slightly decomposed organic materials are found within the O horizon.

A

Oi

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12
Q

This master horizon is generally characterized by being composed of mineral soil particles but strongly darkened by humus or organic matter mixed with the mineral fraction.

A

A horizon

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13
Q

The two subhorizons of the A horizon are:

A

Ap (Plowed), Ah (Humus)

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14
Q

Horizons from which clay, iron, aluminum, or some combination of these have been eluviated leaving a light-colored horizon.

A

E horizon

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15
Q

This master horizon occurs between the A and B horizons.

A

E horizon

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16
Q

The master horizon that formed below A, E, or O horizon, that is characterized by
- concentration of clay, iron, aluminum, silica
- evidence of removal of carbonates
- blocky structure

A

B Horizon

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17
Q

The most common B horizons in the country are Bt and Bw. Bt is structure formation and Bw is clay accumulation. Is this statement true or false?

A

False

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18
Q

This master horizon is relatively unaffected by soil-forming processes.

A

C Horizon

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19
Q

It is the weathered rock beneath the solum.

A

A horizon

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20
Q

This master horizon is characterized by a solid bedrock, which is not practically diggable by spade.

A

R Horizon

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21
Q

The color of the soil is determined by using a ________.

A

Munsell Color Chart

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22
Q

The three combinations of elements that is used by the Munsell Color Chart to determine the soil’s color classification.

A

Hue, Value, Chroma

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23
Q

This refers to the dominant wavelength or color of light.

A

Hue

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24
Q

This refers to the relative lightness and darkness of the color which is a measure of the total quantity of light, sometimes called the brilliance.

A

Value

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25
Q

The relative purity of the dominant color.

A

Chroma

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26
Q

This is referred to as the fineness or coarseness of the soil.

A

Soil Texture

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27
Q

What soil aggregate is abundant if, using the Field Method, will be smooth like baking flour.

A

Silt

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28
Q

The texture of the soil if the soil will be gritty when rubbed between fingers.

A

Sandy

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29
Q

The soil aggregate that, if abundant, makes the soil feel somewhat sticky, and the sample can be molded into different shapes like a molding clay.

A

Clay

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30
Q

The soil texture if there are equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay.

A

Loam

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31
Q

This is the arrangement of primary soil aggregates into secondary aggregates called peds.

A

Soil Structure

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32
Q

E: Eluviated.
B: Illuviated.

True or False?

A

True

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33
Q

It is the most obvious and easily determined soil physical property.

A

Soil Color

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34
Q

A standardized system used by soil scientists and geologists to determine the color of the soil.

A

Munsell Color System

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35
Q

“Calcium carbonates and salts” is not one of the factors that influence soil color. True or False?

A

False.

The factors that influence soil color are:
- Organic Matter
- Fe oxides
- Mn oxides
- Soil Moisture Content
- Calcium carbonates and salts

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36
Q

This provides the dark brown or black color of the soil and is usually found on surface layers.

A

Organic matter.

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37
Q

This provides the red, yellow, orange, and light brown colors of the soil.

A

Fe oxides

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38
Q

This is the primary coloring agent of the subsoil.

A

Fe oxides

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39
Q

This is responsible for black concretions in the soil.

A

Mn oxides

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40
Q

The soil will darken if it has a high moisture content. True or False?

A

True.

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41
Q

The drainage of the soil if the color is blue-gray.

A

Poorly-drained

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42
Q

The drainage of the soil if the has a high chroma.

A

Well-drained.

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43
Q

This is responsible for the white colors in soils.

A

Calcium carbonates and salts

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44
Q

The abundance of this soil color factor indicates that the soil has a basic or high pH.

A

Calcium carbonates and salts.

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45
Q

In the color notation:
10 YR 5/2.

Identify the value, the chroma, and the hue.

A

The value is 5. The chroma is 2. The hue is 10 YR.

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46
Q

The soil separates that make 100% of the soil’s relative proportion.

A

Sand, Silt, and Clay.

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47
Q

The maximum effective diameter of the sand, according to the USDA Classification.

A

2.0 millimeters.

The effective diameter of the sand is 2.0 - 0.05 mm.

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48
Q

The diameter of silt, according to USDA.

A

0.05 - 0.002 mm

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49
Q

This soil separate has a diameter that is less than 0.002 millimeters.

A

Clay

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50
Q

The feel method provides a quick, highly accurate, and reliable estimates of soil texture in the field. True or False?

A

False.

The field/feel method is not highly accurate, but reliable nonetheless.

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51
Q

Methods used in the laboratory in conducting Particle Size Analysis.

A

Hydrometer Method and Pipette Method

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52
Q

It is used to describe the soil texture based on the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in various types of soil.

A

Soil Texture Triangle

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53
Q

It is used to compare the compositions of soil aggregates within the soil to determine its overall classification.

A

Soil Texture Triangle

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54
Q

The soil has a strong soil structure if the peds are clearly observable and there is prominent arrangement of natural surfaces. True or False?

A

True

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55
Q

These are aggregates of soil particles formed as a result of pedogenic processes.

A

Peds

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55
Q

The peds are observable in place and there is a distinct arrangement of surfaces of weakness. This means that the soil structure of the soi is weak.

True or False?

A

False. Having peds that are observable and has a distinct arrangement makes it have a moderate soil structure.

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56
Q

The soil structure is weak if the peds are hardly observable in place. True or False?

A

True.

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57
Q

This refers to the degree of plasticity and stickiness of the soil.

A

Soil Consistence.

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58
Q

Which is referred to when these are provided?

  • Soil Color
  • Soil Texture
  • Soil Structure
  • Soil Consistence
  • Soil pH
  • Reaction to H2O2
  • Abundance of Roots
A

Soil Properties

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59
Q

This soil property is affected by the type and amount of clay that is in the soil.

A

Soil Consistence.

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60
Q

The soil consistency is _______ is the wet soil adheres when pressed between thumb and finger.

A

Sticky

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61
Q

The soil consistence if ______ if the wet soil does not adhere to the fingers.

A

Non-sticky

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62
Q

This is the measure of acidity and alkalinity of soils.

A

Soil pH

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63
Q

The optimal pH range for most plants.

A

5.5 - 7

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64
Q

pH levels range from 0-14. What is the soil pH if the pH levels are equal to 7?

A

Neutral

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65
Q

What is the soil pH if the levels are equal to 9?

A

Alkaline

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66
Q

What is the soil pH if the level is equal to 5?

A

Acidic

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67
Q

This is a qualitative test for the organic matter content of the soil.

A

Reaction to H2O2

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68
Q

This refers to the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid by a chemical reaction.

A

Effervescence

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69
Q

Calcite exhibits effervescence when exposed to hydrochloric acid. True or False?

A

True.

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70
Q

Quartz exhibits effervescence when exposed to hydrochloric acid. True or False?

A

False

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71
Q

The distribution of roots in the soil profile indicates how well the soil supports the development of root system. True or False?

A

True

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72
Q

What is the abundance of roots if the percentage is 5-15%?

A

Few.

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73
Q

It is a naturally occurring inorganic substance which has a fairly definite chemical composition and physical properties.

A

Mineral.

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74
Q

What is the size of the roots if its diameter is more than 5.0 mm?

A

Coarse

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75
Q

These are minerals that are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rocks or magma.

A

Primary minerals

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76
Q

These minerals originate from the chemical weathering of primary minerals.

A

Secondary minerals.

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77
Q

This is a combination of two or more minerals.

A

Rocks

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78
Q

The three major groups of rocks.

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic.

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79
Q

The group of rocks that are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma.

A

Igneous rocks

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80
Q

They are considered as the mother of all rocks

A

Igneous rocks

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81
Q

They are the most abundant rocks in the Earth’s crust.

A

Igneous

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82
Q

These rocks are formed from the fragmentation of existing rocks.

A

Sedimentary rocks.

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83
Q

These are the most abundant rocks in the Earth’s surface.

A

Sedimentary rocks.

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84
Q

These are derived by partial melting and alteration of igneous and sedimentary rocks due to pressure, heat, or chemical action.

A

Metamorphic rocks

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85
Q

Give at least 3 physical properties of minerals.

A

The physical properties of minerals are:
1. Luster
2. Cleavage or Fracture
3. Hardness
4. Color
5. Streak

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86
Q

_________ refers to the color of the mineral in reflected light.

A

Luster refers to the color of the mineral in reflected light.

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87
Q

Three kinds of luster.

A
  1. Metallic luster
  2. Submetallic luster
  3. Nonmetallic
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88
Q

________ is the property of breaking along one or more smooth, parallel planes.

A

Cleavage is the physical property of breaking along one or more smooth, parallel planes.

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89
Q

Some minerals break in directions other than those along cleavage planes and form irregular patterns. This property is called ________.

A

Fracture.

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90
Q

Minerals that fracture weather faster than those that cleave. True or False?

A

False. Minerals that fracture weather more slowly than those that cleave.

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91
Q

This refers to the resistance which a mineral offers to scratching or abrasion.

A

Hardness refers to the resistance which a mineral offers to scratching or abrasion.

92
Q

Softer minerals will weather more slowly than harder minerals. Is this statement true or false?

A

False. Harder minerals will weather more slowly than softer minerals.

93
Q

The number of hardness of talc, which is characterized by its ability to be scratched by the fingernails.

A

1

94
Q

Which is harder? Calcite or Flourite? What is their number in the scale?

A

Flourite is harder than Calcite.

Calcite - 3
Flourite - 4

95
Q

Orthoclase is softer than Gypsum. True or False?

A

False. Orthoclase is much harder than Gypsum.

Orthoclase - 6
Gypsum - 2

96
Q

The hardest mineral, according to the Moh’s Scale of Hardness.

A

Diamond

97
Q

Is quartz harder than corundum?

A

No. Corundum is harder than Quartz.

Corundum - 9
Quartz - 7

98
Q

Hardness of Apatite.

A

5

99
Q

Hardness of Topaz.

A

8

100
Q

Hardness of Orthoclase

A

6

101
Q

Hardness of Corundum

A

9

102
Q

Hardness of Calcite

A

3

103
Q

Hardness of Talc

A

1

104
Q

Hardness of Gypsum

A

2

105
Q

The mineral that can scratch corundum

A

Diamond

106
Q

Hardness scale of mineral that can scratch topaz

A

9

107
Q

Hardness scale of mineral that can scratch quartz.

A

8

108
Q

Hardness scale of a mineral that can be scratched slightly by a thumbnail.

A

2

109
Q

Hardness scale of a mineral that can be scratched by a copper coin.

A

3

110
Q

Hardness scale of a mineral that can be scratched by a knifeblade.

A

5

111
Q

Color is more reliable than streak. True or False?

A

False.

112
Q

It is the color of the finely powdered mineral and is relatively constant.

A

Streak.

112
Q

Color is not a good means of distinguishing minerals because it is extremely variable. True or False?

A

True

112
Q

Give at least 2 characteristics of minerals.

A

These are the characteristics of minerals:
1. Naturally occurring
2. Inorganic
3. Homogenous substance
4. Have definite chemical composition
5. Ordered atomic arrangement
6. Crystalline

112
Q

The scientist that developed the Mohs’ Scale of Hardness.

A

Friedrich Mohs

112
Q

He is the father of mineralogy

A

Georgius Agricola

112
Q

The luster of a mineral that is opaque and dull, dark colored.

A

Submetallic

112
Q

The luster of a mineral that does not reflect light.

A

Nonmetallic

112
Q

The luster of a mineral that is opaque and reflects light as a metal would.

A

Metallic

112
Q

Not all minerals have cleavages. True or False?

A

True

112
Q

The number of lines that are created when a mineral is split will be the number of cleavage lines. True or False?

A

True

112
Q

This is the true color of the mineral.

A

Streak.

113
Q

To determine streak, the mineral is placed against a surface of a streak plate, a small slab or glazed porcelain. True or False?

A

False.

To determine streak, the mineral is rubbed against a surface of streak plate, a small slab of unglazed porcelain.

113
Q

Gold makes a yellowish-gold color when run across a streak plate. True or False?

A

True.

113
Q

When pyrite is run across a streak plate, it has a yellowish-gold color. True or False?

A

False.

Pyrite has a black or dark-green streak despite its gold appearance.

113
Q

The mineral is often called by miners as “fool’s gold.”

A

Pyrite.

114
Q

The mineral that has a grey color but has a red streak.

A

Hematite.

115
Q

Hema means blood. T/F

A

True.

116
Q

The mineral was named hematite because it looked like it was bleeding when it was taken across a streak plate. T/F?

A

True.

117
Q

It is the mineral property that we will not use because of its unreliability.

A

Color.

118
Q

The outside color of the mineral tells you a lot about its important characteristics. T/F?

A

False.

The outside color does not tell you much about the important characteristics.

119
Q

The most common primary mineral in soils.

A

Quartz.

120
Q

Which of the following are not primary minerals?
a. Quartz
b. Feldspar
c. Iron Oxides
d. Gypsum.

A

Iron Oxides and Gypsum.

Primary Minerals include:
Quartz
Feldspar
Amphibole
Micas
Carbonates
Apatite.

Secondary Minerals include:
Gypsum
Iron Oxides
Clay Minerals

121
Q

It is the original source of practically all soil phosphorus.

A

Apatite

122
Q

Apatite and Calcite are soluble. True or False?

A

True.

123
Q

These are the parent material of mineral soils.

A

Rocks

124
Q

Aggregate of minerals.

A

Rocks

125
Q

Igneous Rocks are classified based on their basis of their chemical composition and mode of occurrence, especially with their calcium content.

True or False?

A

False. Igneous rocks are classified particularly based on their SiO2 content.

126
Q

Two modes of occurrence of igneous rocks.

A
  1. Plutonic/Intrusive Igneous Rocks.
  2. Volcanic/Extrusive Igneous Rocks.
127
Q

Refers to the location of igneous rocks at the time of formation.

A

Mode of occurrence.

128
Q

These are igneous rocks that that found within the Earth’s crush and were formed by a relatively slow cooling process.

A

Plutonic Rocks.

129
Q

Plutonic Rocks have fine, glassy texture. T/F?

A

False

130
Q

Volcanic Rocks are usually found at or near the Earth’s surface, and they were developed by a rapid, or very rapid cooling process.

True or False?

A

True.

131
Q

Igneous rocks that are coarsely textured.

A

Plutonic rocks.

132
Q

REVIEW CARD!

A

Igneous Rocks:
1. Granite - intrusive
2. Obsidian - extrusive
3. Basalt - intrusive
4. Pumice - extrusive
5. Rhyolite - extrusive
6. Gabbro - intrusive
7. Andesite - extrusive

133
Q

These sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments or fragments, resulting from the weathering of any type of rock.

A

Clastic Sedimentary rocks

The sediments may be clay, silt, sand, gravels, and others.

134
Q

These sedimentary rocks are produced by chemical or biochemical precipitation of ions from solution.

A

Precipitate or Non-clastic Sedimentary Rocks.

Biochemical precipitates usually involve marine animals and may be fossiliferous.

135
Q

The term for the true soil.

A

Solum.

136
Q

The conglomerate is a sedimentary rock that is non-clastic. True or False?

A

False. The conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock.

137
Q

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock. True or False?

A

True. The sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized minerals.

138
Q

Shale is a fine-grained, non-clastic sedimentary rock. True or False?

A

False. Shale is a clastic sedimentary rock and is composed of mud that is mixed with flakes of clay minerals.

139
Q

Limestone is a non-clastic sedimentary rock. True or False?

A

True. It is usually composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as corals.

140
Q

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that are formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks. True or False?

A

True.

141
Q

Metamorphic rocks are foliated if they have parallel layers of different minerals.

A

True

142
Q

Non-banded metamorphic rocks have a uniform pattern of mineral crystals. T/F?

A

False. Non-banded or non-foliated metamorphic rocks have random pattern of mineral crystals.

143
Q

The pattern of mineral crystals in banded or foliated metamorphic are uniform in some, and alternating in others. T/F

A

True.

144
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

Metamorphic rocks.
1. Gneiss - foliated
2. Slate - foliated
3. Marble - nonfoliated
4. Quartzite - nonfoliated

145
Q

It is the physical, chemical, and biological alteration of rocks or minerals at or near the Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering

146
Q

It involves specific processes acting on rock materials.

A

Weathering

147
Q

It is the rock altered by weathering, either broken into smaller pieces or some of its constituent minerals altered or dissolved.

A

Parent material

148
Q

Weathering is involved in the formation of landforms and soils. True or False?

A

True.

149
Q

Two types of weathering.

A

Physical and Chemical weathering.

150
Q

A type of weathering where it breaks down rocks without changing the composition.

A

Physical Weathering

151
Q

This type of weathering changes the shape and size of the parent material but not in chemical composition.

A

Physical weathering.

152
Q

REVIEW CARD!

A

Physical Weathering
1. Pressure release
2. Freeze and Thaw
3. Salt Weathering
4. Temperature Change
5. Wetting and Drying.

153
Q

It is the propagation of fractures near the surface of solid rock due to expansion related to release of confining pressure when deeply buried rock is unroofed.

A

Pressure Release Weathering

154
Q

Weathering that involves the repeated free and thaw of water in the cracks and pores of rocks.

A

Free and Thaw

155
Q

A very effective process for widening and extending cracks and thereby breaking rocks into smaller pieces, in freeze and thaw weathering.

A

Frost Wedging

156
Q

It is a process of rock disintegration by salts that have accumulated at and near the rock surface.

A

Salt Weathering

157
Q

It is the repeated swelling and shrinking of minerals with different expansion rates due to the extreme range of temperatures that can shatter rocks.

A

Thermal Expansion

158
Q

It is also known as Onion-skin weathering.

A

Wetting and drying

159
Q

This weathering involves exfoliation or the peeling away of sheets of rock millimeters to meters in thickness from a rock’s surface due to a range of physical and chemical processes during weathering.

A

Wetting and Drying.

160
Q

This refers to the processes that decompose rocks and minerals are chemically altered such that new minerals are formed.

A

Chemical Weathering

161
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

Chemical Weathering
1. Hydration
2. Hydrolysis
3. Oxidation
4. Carbonation
5. Chelation

162
Q

It is the dissolution of easily soluble salts in water, without a chemical reaction.

A

Hydration

163
Q

Examples of this chemical weathering are the dissolution of NaCl and KCl.

A

Hydration.

164
Q

The chemical weathering that involves the chemical reaction of minerals with water.

A

Hydrolysis.

165
Q

This causes more chemical weathering than any other type of chemical weathering.

A

Hydrolysis.

166
Q

An igneous rock that can be weathered by hydrolysis.

A

Granite.

167
Q

The chemical weathering that refers to the reaction of certain metals with oxygen in the air to form compounds called oxides.

A

Oxidation.

168
Q

Metals that are affected by oxidation include iron, copper, and silver. True or False?

A

True

169
Q

It is the reaction between calcite and weak acids in rain water and acids in groundwater.

A

Carbonation

170
Q

Rocks that are weathered mainly by carbonation are ____ and _____.

A

Marble and limestone

171
Q

Sinkholes, Karst topography, and stalactites are results of carbonation. True or False?

A

True

172
Q

The process in which organic acids hasten the weathering reaction by combining with some weathering products.

A

Chelation.

173
Q

It reflects the composition, size, and arrangement of the solid particles of the soil.

A

Soil Physical Property

174
Q

Two types of soil physical properties

A

Static and Dynamic

175
Q

Soil physical properties that do not change on short time scales under natural conditions.

A

Static

176
Q

Properties that are readily changed on short time scales under natural conditions.

A

Dynamic

177
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

Importance and uses of Soil Texture Determination
1. To describe the soil profile and soil horizons.
2. Key determinants of the appropriate land use.
3. Soil health indicator.

178
Q

It is the relative proportion of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soils.

A

Soil Texture

179
Q

REVIEW CARD!

A

Albert Atterberg, a Swedish agricultural scientist, proposed the size limits of soil particles which was accepted by the IUSS during the Berlin Conference in 1913.

180
Q

Albert Atterberg proposed the size limits of soil particles which was accepted by the USDA during the Berlin Conference in 1913.

True or False?

A

False

181
Q

This refers to the amount of particle surface area exposed and available as a site for chemical and physical processes per unit mass or volume soil.

A

Specific surface area

182
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

Surface area
1. Sand - 50 cm2/g
2. Silt - 500 cm2/g
3. Clay - 5,000,000 cm2/g

Charge
1. Sand - None
2. Silt - None
3. Clay - Negative

182
Q

The finer the texture, the less permeable it is to air and water.

A

TRUE

182
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

The Specific Surface Area involves
1. Adsorption / retention of water
2. Adsorption of chemicals
3. Area for chemical reactions
4. Aggregation
5. Microbial colonization

182
Q

The coarser the texture, the more permeable the soil is to air and water.

True or False?

A

True

182
Q

If the soil texture is fine, the higher its capacity in holding water.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

182
Q

The coarser the texture, the lesser its water holding capacity.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

183
Q

Two methods of Soil Texture Determination.

A

Field Method and Laboratory Method

183
Q

The other term for Field method

A

Feel method

183
Q

It is used to provide “quick” reliable estimates of soil texture in the field.

A

Field/Feel Method

184
Q

It enables immediate interpretation of soil texture down the soil profile.

A

Field / Feel Method

185
Q

The field method is more accurate than the laboratory method.

True or False?

A

False. The field / feel method is less accurate than the laboratory method.

186
Q

He developed the Stokes’ Law.

A

George Gabriel Stokes

187
Q

Stokes’ Law states that the settling of spherical particles in a viscous medium is directly proportional to the size of the particle.

True or False?

A

True

188
Q

The dispersing agent that is used in hydrometer analysis / method.

A

Calgon solution / Sodium hexametaphosphate

189
Q

There are 12 soil textures in the Soil Texture Triangle. True or False?

A

True

190
Q

The arrangement of primary sand, silt, and clay particles into secondary aggregates called peds or structural units which have distinct shapes.

A

Soil Structure

191
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

Importance of Good Soil Structure

  • Increases infiltration of water
  • Improves seedling emergence, root growth, and rooting depth
  • Large continuous pores increase permeability.
192
Q

REVIEW CARD!!!

A

Soil structures

  1. Granular
  2. Platy
  3. Wedge
  4. Blocky
  5. Prismatic
  6. Columnar
193
Q

Review Card!

Infiltration rate of soil structures
1. Single Grain: Rapid
2. Blocky: Moderate-Slow
3. Platy: Slow-Very Slow
4. Granular: Rapid-Moderate
5. Prismatic: Moderate-Slow
6. Massive: Very Slow

A

sabot?

194
Q

Formula for Particle Density

A

Dp = Ms/Vp

195
Q

What is Dp?

A

Particle Density

196
Q

What is Ms?

A

Mass of soil solid (ODW)(g)

197
Q

Symbol for particle volume

A

Vp

198
Q

Density of the bulk soil.

A

Bulk Density

199
Q

Formula of Bulk Density

A

Db = Ms/Vt

200
Q

In bulk density, what does Vt represent?

A

Total volume of the soil.

201
Q

The use of core sampler driven into the soil when determining bulk density.

A

Core method

202
Q

Determining the bulk density by digging a hole and filling it with measured volume of water.

A

Excavation method

203
Q

The higher the bulk density, the more compact is the soil.

A

True

204
Q

Review Card!

As soil bulk density increases.
1. Soils become more compact
2. Soil strength increases
3. Pore spaces decreases

A
205
Q

Soil Compaction results in a decrease of the size or number of macropores.

A
206
Q

Soil physical property which indicates how much of the bulk volume is compacted by pores.

A

Porosity

207
Q

Normal range of porosity values

A

0.35 - 0.65

Idk (9 decks)

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