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[OS 206] 1st Exam > Trans - Colon, Rectum, Anus > Flashcards

Trans - Colon, Rectum, Anus Flashcards

1
Q

normal frequency of defecation

A

3x per day to once in 3 days

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2
Q

odor of stool and flatus due to:

A

sulfur containing compounds in gut flora

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3
Q

gastrocolic reflex: definition

A

movement of the colon due to stretching of the stomach and byproducts of digestion in the small intestine

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4
Q

irritable bowel syndrome is caused by:

A

heightened visceral sensitivity causing exaggerated gastrocolic reflex

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5
Q

the foregut is composed of:

A
  1. GI tract from esophagus to small intestine proximal to bile duct
  2. liver
  3. pancreas
  4. bile ducts
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6
Q

the midgut is composed of:

A
  1. GI tract from small intestine distal to bile duct to proximal transverse colon
  2. appendix
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7
Q

the hindgut is composed of:

A
  1. GI tract from distal transverse colon to rectum
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8
Q

the large intestine is ___ in length

A

around 5ft

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9
Q

T/F: the diameter of the lumen of the colon gradually increases from the cecum to the sigmoid

A

F, the diameter of the colon decreases as it proceeds distally

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10
Q

incomplete outer longitudinal muscle layer of the colon

A

taenia coli

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11
Q

areas where the taenia coli converge

A
  1. appendix

2. rectosigmoid junction (until anus)

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12
Q

enumerate the 3 taenia coli and their attachments

A
  1. mesocolic - transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
  2. omental - appendices epiploicae
  3. free - no attachments
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13
Q

outpocketings of colon wall between taenia coli

A

haustrae

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14
Q

difference of haustrae from plicae circulares

A

plicae circulares encircle the whole circumference of the lumen, haustrae do not

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15
Q

small fatty omentum-like projectuions distributed near the area of the taenia coli along the colon wall

A

appendices epiploicae

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16
Q

functions of the colon

A
  1. absorption of water and electrolytes

2. propulsion and storage of unabsorbed fecal waste

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17
Q

location of cecum

A

right lower quadrant

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18
Q

T/F: the cecum is almost entirely covered by peritoneum and is suspended by a mesentery

A

F, it has no mesentery

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19
Q

entrance of the ileum into the cecum

A

ileocecal valve

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20
Q

T/F: the ileocecal valve is a true sphincter

A

F

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21
Q

importance of appendix in embryo

A

part of the immune system (GALT)

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22
Q

appendix is most commonly located

A

retrocecally

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23
Q

the mesentery of the appendix is the:

A

mesoappendix

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24
Q

McBurney’s point

A

historically a common basis for locating the appendix on a diagonal incision

1/3 of the way along the oblique line joining the ASIS and the umbilicus

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25
Q

since the position of the appendix is variable, surgeons now prefer to make an incision on the:

A

point of maximal tenderness

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26
Q

T/F: the ascending colon is intraperitoneal

A

F, it is retroperitoneal

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27
Q

T/F: the ascending colon has no mesentery

A

T

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28
Q

innervation of ascending colon

A

vagus

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29
Q

longest part of the colon

A

transverse colon

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30
Q

T/F: the transverse colon is intraperitoneal

A

T

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31
Q

T/F: the transverse colon has no mesentery

A

F

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32
Q

mesentery of the transverse colon

A

mesocolon

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33
Q

T/F: the descending colon is retroperitoneal

A

T

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34
Q

T/F: the sigmoid colon is retroperitoneal

A

F

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35
Q

part of the colon most prone to volvulus

A

sigmoid colon due to triangular mesentery

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36
Q

site at which the sigmoid colon becomes the rectum

A

rectosigmoid junction

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37
Q

branches of the superior mesenteric artery

A
  1. middle colic artery
  2. right colic artery
  3. ileocolic artery
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38
Q

blood supply of transverse colon

A

middle colic artery

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39
Q

blood supply of ascending colon

A

right colic artery

ileocolic artery

40
Q

anastomosis of arteries of ascending and descending colon

A

marginal artery of Drummond

41
Q

T/F: the inferior mesenteric artery and the superior mesenteric artery can be cut and the bowels still survive

A

T, but the small intestine will die as a result of cutting the superior mesenteric artery

42
Q

anastomosis between middle and left colic artery

A

arc of Riolan / meandering mesenteric artery

43
Q

area of poor blood supply in the region of the splenic flexure

A

point of Griffith

44
Q

blood supply of descending colon

A

left colic arteries

45
Q

blood supply of sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid arteries

46
Q

lymph drainage of colon and proximal rectum

A

paraaortic lymph nodes

47
Q

lymph drainage of colon and distal rectum

A

internal iliac and superficial inguinal nerves

48
Q

sympathetic innervation of colon

A

lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord

superior mesenteric plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus, hypogastric plexus

49
Q

parasympathetic innervation of colon

A
  1. vagus nerves - ascending colon up to splenic flexure

2. sacral nerves - descending colon and sigmoid colon

50
Q

plexus that controls colonic motility

A

Auerbach’s plexus, submucous plexus, Meissner’s plexus

51
Q

the rectum ends at the

A

anorectal ring

52
Q

extraperitoneal rectum covered by:

A

fascia propria

53
Q

flexures of the rectum

A
  1. sacral flexure
  2. anorectal flexure
  3. lateral flexures
54
Q

mucosal infoldings of the rectum

A

valves of Houston / transverse rectal folds

55
Q

space where fecal matter is stored until defacation

A

ampulla of rectum

56
Q

fossa that provides space for the rectum to distend

A

pararectal fossae

57
Q

fascia that divides the retrorectal space into superior and inferior portions

A

Waldeyer’s fascia

58
Q

fascia that separates prostate and bladder from anterior rectum in males, and is associated with the vagina in females

A

Denonvillier’s fascia

59
Q

fascia that prevents lateral movement of rectum

A

lateral stalks

60
Q

divisions of rectum

A
  1. upper - from sacral promontory to anterior peritoneal reflection
  2. middle - from anterior peritoneal reflection to 5-6cm above anal verge
  3. lower - from top of anal sphincter to anal verge
61
Q

autonomic anal sphincter

A

internal anal sphincter

62
Q

three loops of external anal sphincter

A
  1. puborectalis
  2. superficial anal sphincter
  3. subcutaneous portion
63
Q

parasympathetic stimulation causes the internal anal sphincter to:

A

relax

64
Q

sympathetic stimulation causes the internal anal sphincter to:

A

contract

65
Q

longitudinal columns within anal canal

A

columns of Morgagni

66
Q

line connecting the bases of the columns of Morgagni

A

dentate line

67
Q

landmark for the intermuscular border between internal and external anal sphincters

A

Hilton’s white line

68
Q

line that indicates the junction of the superior and inferior parts of the anal canal (superior part is from hindgut, inferior is from proctodeum)

A

dentate/pectinate lie

69
Q

posteriorly and laterally thickened upper portion of the anal canal, pulled by the puborectalis

A

anorectal ring

70
Q

anorectal angle when

a. normal
b. sitting
c. squeezing the sphincter

A

a. 102
b. 119
c. 81

71
Q

arterial supply of rectum and anus

A
  1. superior rectal artery - from inferior mesenteric
  2. middle rectal artery - from internal iliac
  3. inferior rectal artery - from internal pudendal
72
Q

veins that form internal hemorrhoidal plexus

A
  1. superior rectal vein

2. middle rectal vein

73
Q

veins that form external hemorrhoidal plexus

A

inferior rectal vein

74
Q

difference between internal and external hemorrhoidal plexuses

A

internal - above dentate line

external - below dentate line

75
Q

sympathetic innervation of rectum and anus

A

L1 to L3

76
Q

parasympathetic innervation of rectum and anus

A
  1. S2 to S4

2. nervi erigentes - S3-S4

77
Q

condition where outpouchings in the colon occur

A

diverticulosis

78
Q

condition where a part of the colon has failed to correctly form, and that part is eight blocked or is altogether missing

A

colonic atresia

79
Q

twisting of the colon on itself or on the stalk of mesenteric tissue

A

volvulus

80
Q

condition where one section of the bowel tunnels into another section

A

intussusception

81
Q

acute inflammation of the appendix

A

appendicitis

82
Q

enlargement of rectal venous plexus secondary to portal hypertension blockage/increase in portal vein pressure

A

hemorrhoids

83
Q

T/F: external hemorrhoids are painless while internal hemorrhoids are painful

A

F, it is the other way around

84
Q

the nerve/s involved in internal hemorrhoids

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

85
Q

the nerve/s involved in external hemorrhoids

A

rectal nerve

86
Q

the vein inflamed in internal hemorrhoids

A

superior rectal vein

87
Q

the vein inflamed in external hemorrhoids

A

inferior rectal vein

88
Q

grading of hemorrhoids

A

Grade 1 - hardly seen
Grade 2 - bulges then disappears
Grade 3 - visible bulges can be pushed inside
Grade 4 - cannot be pushed inside

89
Q

cancer in the proximal colon often causes:

A

diarrheal symptoms

90
Q

cancer in the distal colon often causes:

A

constipation, obstruction

91
Q

anal warts

A

condylomas

92
Q

condition wherein the walls of the rectum protrude through the anus

A

rectal prolapse

93
Q

absence of normal anal opening

A

imperforate anus

94
Q

surgical removal of appendix

A

appendectomy

95
Q

apple core deformity in barium enema indicates:

A

tumor

96
Q

process by which a badly damaged esophagus is surgically replaced with the transverse colon

A

colonic interposition

[OS 206] 1st Exam (12 decks)

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