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College > Animal Breeding and Genetics Test 2 > Flashcards

Animal Breeding and Genetics Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor mendel

A

“father of genetics”
Augustinian priest and scientist
preformed breeding experiments with peas
determined basic rules of inheritance by observing outcomes of his matings

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2
Q

gene

A

basic unit of inheritance
segments of DNA
reletively short-segments of chromosomes

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

long strands of DNA and associated protiens present in the nucleus of every cell
present in pairs - one from the sire and one from the dam, number of pairs depends on the species

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4
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - cow

A

60

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5
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - horse

A

64

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6
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - goat

A

60

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7
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - chicken

A

78

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8
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - pig

A

38

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9
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - pea

A

14

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10
Q

diploid # of chromosomes - human

A

46

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11
Q

homologs

A

a pair of chromosomes having corresponding loci

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12
Q

locus

A

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

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13
Q

At each locus, there is a pair of genes…

A

one on the maternal chromosome and one on the paternal chromosome

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14
Q

allele

A

an alternative form of a gene

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15
Q

genotype

A

the combination of genes at a particular locus

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16
Q

homozygous

A

a one-locus genotype containing functionally identical genes

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17
Q

heterozygous

A

a one-locus genotype containing functionally different genes

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18
Q

law of segregation

A

mendel’s first law
in the formation of a germ cell or gamete, the two genes at a locus in the parent cell are separated, only one gene being incorporated into each germ cell
meiosis - 1/2 chromosomes

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19
Q

germ cells contain

A

half the # of chromosomes and half the # of genes as normal body cells

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20
Q

the number of gametes that can be obtained from a parental genotype depends on how ______________ the genotype is

A

heterozygous

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21
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Mendel’s second law
genes assort independently during meiosis if all possible gametes are formed in equal proportions

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22
Q

linkage

A

the occurence of two or more loci of interest on the same chromosome

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23
Q

crossing over

A

a reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments between homologs
occurs prior to the time chromosomes are separated to form gametes during meiosis

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24
Q

recombination

A

the formation of a new combination of genes on a chromosome as a result of crossing over

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25
Q

gamete selection

A

the process that determines which egg matures and which sperm succeeds in fertilizing the egg

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26
Q

punnet square def/n

A

a commonly used device for determining the possible zygotes obtainable from the mating of any two parental genotypes

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27
Q

punnet square

A

two dimensional grid
along the top are the possible gametes from one parent and along left side are the possible gametes from the other parent
inside the grid are the zygotes that are possible from the mating

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28
Q

two rules of probability

A

1) The probability of two independent events occuring together is the product of thier individual occurrences
2) The probability of one or the other of two mutually exclusive events occuring is equal to the sum of the probabilities of thier individual occurrences

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29
Q

mendelian sampling

A

the random sampling of parental genes caused by segregation and independent assortment of genes during germ cell formation and by random selection of gametes in the formation of the embryo

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30
Q

dominance

A

an interaction between genes at a single locus

31
Q

in simply-inherited traits

A

it explains why we get various phenotypes in specific proportions when we make specific matings

32
Q

in polygenic traits

A

dominance is the cheif source of hybrid vigor and in breeding depression

33
Q

Four types of dominance

A

complete dominance
partial dominance
no dominance or co-dominance
overdominance

34
Q

complete dominance

A

where one gene is completly dominant over the other
example - black is dominant over white

35
Q

co-dominance

A

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is exactly midway between the expressions of the homozygous genotypes
example - red and white shorthorn makes a roan

36
Q

partial dominance

A

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is intermediate to the expresssions of the homozygous genotypes
example - red and white flower make a pink flower

37
Q

overdominance

A

the expression of the heterozygote is outside the range defined by the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and most closely resembles the expressions of the homozygous dominant

38
Q

dominance ranked least to greatest degree of dominance

A

no or co-dominance
partial dominance
complete dominance
overdominance

39
Q

epistasis

A

an infection among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more loci
labrador retrievers

40
Q

dominance

A

interaction of genes at a single locus

41
Q

Breed true

A

a phenotype for a simply-inherited trait is said to breed true if two parents with that phenotype produce offspring

42
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

the pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes
Females - XX
Males - XY

43
Q

sex-influenced inheritance

A

an allele may be expressed as a dominant in one sex and a reccessive in the other
example - the allele for scurs is dominant in males and reccessive in females

44
Q

genotype in population

A

used to describe a trait in an individual

45
Q

gene and genotypic frequencies

A

used to describe a trait in a population

46
Q

gene frequency

A

relative frequency of an allele in a population
measure of how common an allele is in relation to other alleles at that locus

47
Q

p

A

frequency of dominant allele

48
Q

q

A

frequency of recessive allele

49
Q

p + q =

A

1

50
Q

genotypic frequency

A

the relative frequency of a one-locus genotype in a population

51
Q

P

A

homozygous dominant

52
Q

H

A

heterozygous

53
Q

Q

A

homozygous recessive

54
Q

P + Q + H =

A

1

55
Q

population genetics

A

the study of factors affecting gene and genotypic frequencies in a population

56
Q

things that affect gene and genotypic frequencies

A

selection
migration
mutation
genetic drift

57
Q

selection

A

process that determmines which individuals will be parents
immediate effect to change gene frequencies

58
Q

fixation

A

the point at which a particular allele becomes the only allele at its locus in a population
frequency equals 1

59
Q

inbreeding

A

the mating of relatives
increase the frequency of homozygous genotypes

60
Q

crossbreeding

A

the mating of unrelated individuals
increases the frequency of heterozygous genotypes

61
Q

random mating

A

a mating system in which all matings are equally likely

62
Q

mutation

A

the process that alters DNA to create new alleles
rare event, small effect

63
Q

migration

A

movement of individuals into or out of a population

64
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequencies in small populations purely due to change

65
Q

hardy-weinberg equilibruim

A

in a large, random mating population, in the absence of selection, mutation, and migration, gene and genotypic frequencies remain constant from generation to generation

66
Q

P

A

p squared

67
Q

H

A

2pq

68
Q

Q

A

q squared

69
Q

assume population is in H-W equilibrium if:

A

population is large
recent addition of outside animals is negligible
selection and mating are unrelated to the trait of interest

70
Q

genetic drift is not predictable

A

in direction nor is it controllable by man

71
Q

delta p

A

m(pm-po)

72
Q

delta p = migration

A

m (pm - po)

73
Q

m

A

migrant /#original + #migrant

74
Q

intital gene frequency

A

largest changes when you begin with intermediate gene frequencies (close to 0.5)

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