bio Test 2 Endocrine system

Question 1

Endocrine vs Exocrine glands

Answer 1

Endo: Secrete hormone directly in suroundings
Exo: Secretion delivered to body cavity/outside body (sweat)
secretion = pas Hormone

Question 2

similarity to nervous system

Answer 2

both are communication system

Question 3

2 differences from nervous system

Answer 3

1. Produces respond that take longer time to be seen
2. produces respond that are less specific

Question 4

2 chemical classes:

Answer 4

Derived from amino acids
derieved from Cholesterol

Question 5

2 chemical classes:
1. derieved from amino acids

Answer 5

• Extracellular receptor (on cell membrane)
• Circulate freely in blood
• Hydrophilic
• CANNOT go across cell membrane freely

Question 6

2 chemical classes:
2. Derieved from cholesterol

Answer 6

• Intracellular (in cell)
• Circulate in blood with help of transport protein
• Hydrophobic
• Can go across cell membrane freely

Question 7

What is an Extracellular receptor

Answer 7

hormone (amine, peptide, protein) bind to a protein receptor on the cell’s surface
signal sent inside cell causing chain reactions
protein receives a phosphate group + gets activated

Question 8

What is an Intracellular receptor

Answer 8

homone (steroid, thyroid) and receptor enters nucleus + attach to DNA
gene activated + protein produced

Question 9

What is downregulation

Answer 9

Target cells DECREASE # of receptors due to HIGH hormone concentration

Question 10

What is upregulation

Answer 10

Target cells INCREASE # of receptors due to LOW hormone concentration

Question 11

Goal of regulation loops

Answer 11

maintain body conditions within acceptable range by setting up dif. mechanisms when deviations happen

Question 12

3 components of a loop

Answer 12

Sensor: receptor monitors the conditions
Control center: Compares signals from sensors to norms+ activates effector if needed
Effector: gland/organ that work bring conditions back in normal range

Question 13

What is a positive loop

Answer 13

Release of hormone + its increasing concentration lead to more productions of the hormone (ex: oxytocin, birth)

Question 14

What is a negative loop

Answer 14

Release of hormone + increasing concentration to PREVENT more production of the hormone

Question 15

3 Endocrine glands stimuli:
Non-hormone chemicals
hormones
electrical signals

Answer 15

1. Non-hormone chemicals: receptors on gland sense environment + trigger hormone secretion = respond
2. Hormone: Many homones produced by hypo + pituitary regulate prod. hormone by other gland
3. Electrical signals: parasympatic/sympatic divisions of PNS, activate release hormones

Question 16

Hypothalamus-Pituitary complex:
what does it do (3)

Answer 16

1.command center of endocrine sys
2.produce hormone
3.Physically linked by infundibulum

Question 17

Hypothalamus-Pituitary complex:
Anterior pituitary(4)

Answer 17

-produces hormones (controlle by hypo hormones)
-hypo hormones circulate inside blood vessel down to pituitary gland
-hypo release hormone = increase secretion of pituitary hormones
-hypo inhibiting hormones = decrease of pituitary hormones

Question 18

Hypothalamus-Pituitary complex:
Posterior pituitary

Answer 18

-Ectention of hypo (share neurons)
-store hormone produced by hypo

Question 19

Thyroid gland:
where is it and what does it contains

Answer 19

• located neck region, wrappend around trachea, 2lobes in which parathyroid glands embedded
  -contains Follicules cells filled with Colloid
  -TH produce by Colloid

Question 20

Parathyroid gland:
where and what does it do

Answer 20

• Back of thyroid gland
  participate in regulations of bolld, calcium level with PTH

Question 21

Parathyroid gland:
2 Disorders
1. hyperparathyroidism
2. Hypoparatyroidism

Answer 21

1. PTH overproduction excessive calcium remover from bones, weak bones, fractures
   2.PTH deficiency, very low concentration of calcium in blood, muscle twitching, cramping, spasms

Question 22

Adrenal glands:
what it is and where

Answer 22

Masses of cells sitting on top of each kidney

Question 23

Adrenal glands:
2 layers

Answer 23

Cortex: outer layer, releases steroid +regulated by anterior pituitary hormone -ACTH
Medulla: inner layer, release amine, controlled by nerve impulses

Question 24

Pancreas
where and part that releases hormones

Answer 24

Behind stomach
Islet:
Apha-produce glucagon
Beta-produce Insulin

Question 25

Growth hormone:
Where, fonction, disorders (3)

Answer 25

GH
1.Pituitary anterioi
2. Regulate growth + repair body
3.Gigantism children
Acromegaly in adults
pituitary dwarfism

Question 26

Thyroid-Stimulating hormone:
where and fonction

Answer 26

TSH
Anterior pituitary
stimulates secretions of TH

Question 27

Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
where + fonction
bleu

Answer 27

ACTH
anterior pituitary
stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

Question 28

Antidiuretic hormone:
where, fonction, desease (1)
bleu

Answer 28

ADH
posterior pituitary
stimulate water reabsortion by kidneys
Diabetes insipiduc: underproduction of ADH= chronic dehydration

Question 29

Triiodothyronine hormone:
Thyroxine
where, function, deseases (3)
mauve

Answer 29

T3/T4
Thyroid
regulates body’s basal metabolic rate (energy for vital functions)
Iodine deficiency: impaire prod. t3/t4 Overproduction of TRH and TSH
Hypothyroidism: inflamation of thyroid lead low levels TH blood: low metabolic rate, weight gain…
Hyperthyroidism: Elevate concentration of TH blood caused by tumor on pituitary/thyroid: increase metabolic rate, weight loss…

Question 30

Calcitonin hormone
where, fonction
mauve

Answer 30

C cells of thyroid:
reduce blood CA2+ level

Question 31

Parathyroid hormone:
where, fonction, deseases (2)

Answer 31

PTH
parathyroid gland
Increase blood CA2+ levels
Hyperparathyroidism: PTH overproduction excessive calcium remover bones, weak bones, fractures
Hypoparathyroidism: PTH deficiency, very low concentration calcium blood, muscle twitching, cramping, spasms

Question 32

Aldosterone hormone:
where, fonction
pink

Answer 32

Adrenal cortext
increase blood NA+ levels

Question 33

Cortisol, Corticosterone, Costisone
Where, function, desease (1)

Answer 33

Adrenal cortex
increase blood glucose levels
Cushing’s disease: too much cortisol produced= high blood glucose level + lipid dispisitits (face/neck)

Question 34

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
where, fonction

Answer 34

Adrenal medulla
stimulate fight or flight response

Question 35

Insulin hormone:
where, function

Answer 35

Pancreas
reduces blood glucose levels

Question 36

Glucagon hormone:
where, fuctions

Answer 36

Pancreas
incres blood glucose levels.