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Scope and methods midterm > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Cluster sample

A

a sample that is used when no list of elements exist

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2
Q

Convenience sample

A

sample is simply convenient to the researcher

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3
Q

Disproportionate sample

A

when elements are overrepresented or underrepresented

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4
Q

Element

A

referred to as case and is about which information is collected (unit of analysis)

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5
Q

Sampling unit

A

like an element, but can be a cluster or group

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6
Q

Sample bias

A

bias occurring whenever some (key) elements of a pop. are systematically excluded from a sample

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7
Q

Nonprobability sample

A

each element in the total population has an unknown probability of being selected

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8
Q

Snowball sampling

A

respondents identify others who might qualify for inclusion in the study

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9
Q

Purposive sampling

A

with much discretion from the researcher, the goal is to study a “diverse” and (usually) limited number of observations from the population without a requirement for representativeness

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10
Q

probability sample

A

elements are divided into groups based on one or more characteristic

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11
Q

Simple random sample

A

Each element has an equal chance of being selected

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12
Q

Stratified sample

A

A probability sample in which elements are divided into groups based on one or more characteristic

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13
Q

stratum

A

subgroup that shares one or more characteristics

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14
Q

Cause of effects approach

A

Starts with outcomes and works backwards to the cause

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15
Q

Classical randomized experiment

A

random assignment of subjects between control and experimental group with a pretest and posttest

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16
Q

Control group

A

does not receive treatment

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17
Q

Correlation

A

a statement that two things are systematically related

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18
Q

Demand characteristics

A

aspects of the research situation that cause participants to guess at the investigator’s goals and adjust their behavior or opinions accordingly

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19
Q

Effects of cause approach

A

Starts with a potential cause and works forward to examine its impact on the outcome

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20
Q

Experimental effect (aka program impact)

A

the portion of an outcome change that can be attributed uniquely to a program

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21
Q

Experimental mortality

A

the differential loss of subjects from experimental and control groups that affect the equivalency of groups

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22
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized across populations, times, and settings

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23
Q

Internal validity

A

The ability to demonstrate the manipulation or variation in the independent variable actually causes the dependent variable to change

24
Q

Large N cases

A

quantitative research in which the researcher examines many cases of a phenomena

25
Q

Selection bias

A

picking subjects according to a criterion and not independently

26
Q

Small N studies

A

researcher examines one or a few cases of a phenomenon

27
Q

Covert observation

A

observations in which the observer’s presence or purpose is kept secret from those being observed

28
Q

Direct observation

A

actual observation of behavior

29
Q

Document analysis

A

heavily reliant of recordkeeping by govt and private orgs

30
Q

Elite interviewing

A

is the use of interviewing to glean information from elites/individuals with special knowledge about topics or events

31
Q

Episodic record

A

not part of an ongoing systematic recordkeeping effort

32
Q

Erosion

A

Erosion- traces measuring wear/depletion/ reduction

33
Q

Accretion

A

traces measuring accumulation/growth/ progress

34
Q

Ethnography

A

a type of field study in which the researcher is deeply immersed in the place and lives of the people being studied

35
Q

Field studies

A

open ended and wide ranging observation in a natural setting

36
Q

First hand observation

A

researcher observes the actual behavior or trace evidence of the behavior

37
Q

Indirect

A

researcher collects physical traces of a behavior

38
Q

Informed consent

A

the principle that researchers must obtain the freely given consent of human subjects before they participate in a research project

39
Q

Institutional review board

A

Federal regulations, universities, and other organizations require that faculty and students researchers to submit research proposal involving human subjects

40
Q

Interview data

A

data that is collected from responses to questions posted by researcher

41
Q

Nonparticipant observation

A

observation of activities, behaviors, or events in which the researcher does not participate

42
Q

Overt observation

A

observation in which those being observed are informed of the observer’s presence and purpose

43
Q

Participant observation

A

observation in which the observer becomes a regular participant in the activities of those being observed

44
Q

Reactivity

A

effect of data collection method itself on the phenomenon being measured

45
Q

Running record

A

materials collected systematically across time (govt or private)

46
Q

Secondary data

A

are used by the researcher but collected by someone else

47
Q

Structured

A

fixed-item, pre-categorized responses asking identical questions to each respondent

48
Q

Unstructured (aka open-ended)

A

process allowing for completely inductive and tailored to each participant’s experience

49
Q

Written record

A

documents, reports, statistics, manuscripts, photographs, audio recording, and other recorded materials available and useful for empirical research

50
Q

Case studies

A

comprehensive and in-depth qualitative studies of contemporary, real-life events

51
Q

Idiographic case selections

A

often more about the researcher’s prerogative

52
Q

Deviant Case

A

exhibits all factors to lead to an outcome, but the outcome does not occur

53
Q

Method of agreement

A

for a property to be a necessary condition, it must always be present if the effect is present

54
Q

Method of difference

A

two or more instances of an event (effect) are compared to see what they all do not have in common. If they have all but one thing in common, that one thing is identified as the cause

55
Q

Necessary cause

A

conduction must be present for the outcome to occur

56
Q

Sufficient cause

A

a condition with which the outcome is always found

57
Q

Process tracing (deductive)

A

a causal mechanism is traced from causal condition to final outcome

Scope and methods midterm (5 decks)

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