Muscular and Skeletal Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

The musculoskeletal system forms the basic __ __ of the vertebrate body. Muscles and bones work in close coordination to produce ___ __. In addition, they perform a number of other ____ functions. Physical support and ___ are the function are the functions of the animal skeletal system, while the muscular system generates ____

A

internal framework, voluntary movement, independent, locomotion, force

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2
Q

An ____ serves as a framework in all vertebrate organisms. Muscles are attached to the bones, permitting _____. The endoskeleton also provides ___ by surrounding delicate ___ __ with bone. The ___ ___ protects the thoratic organs like the ___ and lungs. The ___ and the ___ __ protect the brain and spinal cord. The two major components of the skeleton are ___ and ____

A

endoskeleton, movement, protection, internal organs, rib cage, heart, skull, vertebrate column, cartilage, bone

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3
Q

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is ___ and more ___ than bone. Cartilage is retained in adults where ____ and ____ are needed. In humans, the ___ ___, nose, walls of the ____ and ____, and ___ ___ contain cartilage.

A

softer, flexible, firmness, flexibility, external ear, larynx, trachea, skeletal joints

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4
Q

Cells responsible for synthesizing cartilage

A

chrondrocytes

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5
Q

Bone is a specialized type of ______ connective tissue that has the ability to withstand ___ ____. Ideally adapted for ___ ___, bone tissue is hard and ___, while at the same time somewhat ___ and lightweight. There are two basic types of bone, ____ bone and ____ bone

A

mineralized, physical stress, physical support, strong, elastic, compact, spongy

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6
Q

Compact bone is a ___ bone that does not appear to have any ____ when observed with the naked eye. The bone matrix is deposited in structural units called _____ (____ systems). Each one consists of a central microscopic channel called a ___ ___, surrounded by a number of concentric circles of bony matrix (____ ___) called ____.

A

dense, cavities, osteons, haversian systems, haversian canal, calcium phosphate, lamellae

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7
Q

Spongy bone is much less dense and consists of an ____ ___ of bony ____ (_____). The cavities between them are filled with ___ or ___ bone marrow. The former is ____ and infiltrated by __ ___, which the latter is involved in ___ __ formation

A

interconnecting lattice, spicules, trabeculae, yellow, red, inactive, adipose tissue, blood cell

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8
Q

Two types of cells found in bone tissue are ___ and ____.

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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9
Q

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the _____ constituents of the ___ ___. Once they have become surrounded by their matrix, they mature into _____

A

organic, bone matrix, osteocytes

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10
Q

Osteoclasts are large, ______ cells involved in bone _____, wherein bone is ___ ___ and_____ are released into the blood

A

multinucleated, reasborption, broken down, minerals

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11
Q

Bone formation occurs by either ___ ___ or by ___ _____. In the former, existing ___ is replaced by bone. This is how __ ___ primarily arise. In the latter, _____ (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone

A

endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification, cartilage, longbones, mesenchymal

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12
Q

The ____ skeleton is the basic framework of the body, consisting of the ____, __ __ and the __ ___. It is the point of attachment of the ______ _____, which includes the bones of the ___ and the pectoral and ___ girdles

A

axial, skull, vertebrate column, rib cage, appendicular skeleton, appendages, pelvic

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13
Q

___ or ____ joints, hold the bones of the skull together. Bones that move relative to one another are held together by movable ___ and are additionally supported and strengthened by ____. These serve as _____ connectors. ___ attach skeletal ___ to bones and bend the skeleton at movable joints

A

sutures, immovable, joints, ligaments, bone-to-bone, tendons, muscle

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14
Q

The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (_____ end in ___ muscles) is called the ____. The point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves (___ end in limb muscles) is called the ____.

A

proximal, limb, origin, distal, insertion

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15
Q

___ indicates the straightening of a joint, whereas ____ refers to a bending of a joint

A

extension, flexion

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16
Q

Muscle tissue consists of bundles of specialized ____ ___ held together by connective tissue. There are three morphologically and functionally distinct types of muscle in mammals: _____ muscle, ___ muscle, and ___ muscle

A

contractile fibers, skeletal, smooth, contractile

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17
Q

Nervous control of the muscular system involves the axons of the ___ __ of the __ ___ which descend from the brain to synapse on lower motor neurons in the ___ __ and __ ___. Because there are no intervening synapses, the __ ___ is able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and various other organs. Several other centers can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the ___, ___ level. These centers and their associated tracts comprise the _____ _____. The ___ __ located in the mesencephalon, is the component of the extrapyramidal system primarily in control of skeletal __ ____

A

pyramidal cells, motor cortex, brain stem, spinal cord, pyramidal system, unconscious, involuntary, extrapyramidal system, red nucleus, muscle tone

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18
Q

Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the __ _____ ___. Each fibre is a ___ cell created by the fusion of several ___ ___ cells. Embedded in the fibres are filaments called ____, which are further divided into contractile units called ____.

A

somatic nervous system, multinucleated, mononucleated embryonic, myofibrils, sacromeres

19
Q

The myofibrils are enveloped by a modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores ___ ___ and is called the ___ ____. The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber is called the _______, and the cell membrane is called the _____.

A

calcium ions, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasm, sarcolemma

20
Q

The sacrolemma is capable of propagating an __ __ and is connected to a system of __ ____ (T system) oriented ______ to the myofibrils. The T system provides ____ for ___ __ throughout the muscle fibers and can also propagate an AP.

A

action potential, transverse tubules, perpendicularly, channel ion flow,

21
Q

Because of the high-energy requirements of ____, ___ are very abundant in muscle cells and are distributed along the ____.

A

contraction, mitochondria, myofibrils

22
Q

Skeletal muscle has striations of __ and ___ bands and is therefore also referred to as ___ ___

A

light, dark, striated muscle

23
Q

The sarcomere is composed of ___ and ___ filaments. The former are chains of ____ molecules. The latter are composed of organized bundles of ___ molecules

A

thin, thick, actin, myosin

24
Q

Electron microscopy reveals that the sarcomere is organized as follows: ____ ___ define the boundaries of a single sarcomere, and anchor the ___ ___. The ___ __ runs down the center of the sarcomere, The ___ __ is the region containing thin filaments only. The ___ ___ is the region containing thick filaments only. The ___ ___ spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of thin filaments. When the muscles contract, the __ ___ move toward each other. Note that during contraction, the ___ ___ is not reduced in size, whereas the ___ zone and __ band are.

A

z lines, thin filaments, m line, I band, H zone, A band, z lines, a band, h, i

25
Q

Muscle contraction is stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a ___ ___. The link between the nerve terminal and the ____ of the muscle fiber is called the ____ ____, The space between the two is known as the ___ or the -__ ___.

A

motor neuron, sarcolemma, neuromuscular junction, synapse, synaptic cleft

26
Q

Deporlarization of the motor neuron results in the release of ______ from the nerve terminal. This diffuses across the __ ___ and binds to receptors on the ___. If enough receptors are ____ the ___ of the sarcolemma is altered and an ___ ___ is generated

A

acetylcholine, synaptic cleft, sarcolemma, stimulated, permeability, action potential

27
Q

Once an action potential is generated, it is conducted along the sarcolemma and the ___ __ and into the ___ of the muscle fiber. This causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release ____ ions into the ____. This initiates the contraction of the ___ by binding to ___ __ on the actin filaments. ____ changes occur in the proteins that allow ____ heads to bind to these sites on the actin. Use of energy allows a ___ ___ to occur, pulling the Z bands closer together. Actin and myosin ___ past each other and the saromere contracts

A

t system, interior, calcium, sarcoplasm, sarcomere troponin C, allosteric, myosin, power stroke, slide

28
Q

Several hours after death, all muscles in the body go into a state of __ ___. In this condition, the muscles ___ and become ___ even without action potentials. This is caused by an absence of ___, which is required for the ___ ___ to be released from the actin filaments. The muscles typically remain rigid for ___ to ___ hours after death until the muscle ___ degrade

A

rigor mortis, contract, rigid, ATP, myosin heads, 12, 24, proteins

29
Q

Type of muscle contraction that occurs when a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that muscle remains constant

A

isotonic contraction

30
Q

Type of muscle contraction that includes both concentric and eccentric types of contracts and results in a change in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle

A

dynamic contraction

31
Q

Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases

A

concentric contraction

32
Q

Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibres lengthen and the tension on the muscle decreased

A

eccentric contraction

33
Q

Type of muscle contraction that occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction but the tension increases

A

isometric contraction

34
Q

Individual muscle fibres generally exhibit an _____ response. Only a stimulus above the ____ can elicit a contraction. The strength of the contraction of a single muscle fibre ___ be increased, regardless of the strength of the stimulus. However, the strength of contraction of an entire muscle can be increased by recruiting more ___ ___.

A

all-or-none, threshold, cannot, muscle fibers

35
Q

A simple twitch is the response of a single muscle fiber to a ___ __ at or above the threshold stimulus. The ___ period is the time between stimulation and the onset of contraction. During this time lag, the __ spreads along the sarcolemma and ___ ions are released. After the ____ period, there is a brief ____ period, during which the muscle is ____ to a stimulus. This period is known as the __ ____ ____

A

brief stimulus, latent, AP, Ca2+, contraction, relaxation, unresponsive, absolute refractory period

36
Q

When the fibers of a muscle are exposed to very ___ stimuli, the muscle cannot fully relax. The contractions begin to ____, becoming stronger and more ____. This is known as ___ ___. The contractions become ___. This type of contraction is called _____ and is stronger that the simple twitch of a single fibre. If this is maintained, the muscle will ___ and the contraction will weaken

A

frequent, combine, prolonged, temporal summation, continuous, tetanus, fatigue

37
Q

____ is a state of partial contraction. Muscles are never completely ____ and maintain a partially contracted state at all times

A

tonus, relaxed

38
Q

During periods of strenuous activity, skeletal muscles convert ___ to ___ __ through the process of glycolysis. This process enables skeletal muscles to continue contracting even in the absence of ____. ___ __ is generated when pyruvic acid reacts with the enzyme ___ ____. This process allowss the pyruvate to enter the ___ ___/ ____ cycle

A

glucose, pyruvic acid, oxygen, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, citric acid/krebs

39
Q

The purpose of the cori cycle during periods of strenuous activity is to convert ___ __ in the ___ to glucose for discharge into the ___. The muscles are then able to use it as an immediate source of ___ or to rebuild their ___ ___. Conversion of glucose into pyruvate is necessary for the creation of ___ during periods of strenuous exercise and does not involve the ___ cycle.

A

lactic acid, liver, bloodstream, energy, glycogen reserves, ATO, cori

40
Q

Smooth muscle is responsible for ____ ___ and is innervated by the ____ ____ ___. Smooth muscle is found in the __ __, bladder, ___ and ___ ___ walls, etc. Smooth muscle cells possess one ____ ____ nucleus and lack the ____ of skeletal muscle

A

involuntary actions, autonomic nervous system, digestive tract, uterus, blood vessel, centrally located, striations

41
Q

The muscle tissue of the heart is composed of ___ ___ fibers. These fibers possess characteristics of both __ and ___ muscle fibers. Like skeletal muscle, ___ and ___ filaments are arranged in sarcomeres, giving cardiac muscles a ___ appearance. However, they generally only have __ or ___ centrally located nuclei

A

cardiac muscle, skeletal, smooth, actin myosin, striated, one, two

42
Q

____ is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction. Very little of this is actually ___ in the muscles, so other forms of energy must be stored and rapidly ___ into it.

A

ATP, stored, converted

43
Q

In vertebrates, energy can be stores in a high energy compound called ___ ___

A

creatine phosphate

44
Q

___ is a hemoglobin like protein found in muscle tissue. It has a high __ ___ and maintains the ____ ___ in muscles by tightly binding to O

A

myoglobin, oxygen affinity, oxygen supply