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Physiology > 57.vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

57.vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

organic substances, most act like catalysts for chemical reactions in human body

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2
Q

What is main source of vitamins

A

food - for vitamins we cant produce ourselves
(getting from food more advantagous than getting fro complex biosynthesis)

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3
Q

what is hypovitaminoses
- avitaminoses

A

reduced vit intake causes development of metabolic disorders.
- complete abscence of vitamins, severe symptoms and fatal outcomes

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4
Q

some vit act as antioxidants - what does this mean

A

they neutrakize free radicals( made by oxidation in cells that cause damage)

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5
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K - they not excreted in urine much

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6
Q

how do u get hypervitaminoses

A

increased dietry intake, delayed excretion of vit therefore accumulates a lot - toxic damage to body

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7
Q

where are lipid soluble vits absorbed and stored

A

absorbed in SI with lipids and stored in liver and adipose tissue

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8
Q

Vitamin A - forms

A

animal origin: retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), retinoic acid (acid) - RETINOIDS

plant origin (vit A precursors) :carotene (pigment for photosynthesis) beta caroten has highest activity (converted to retinal with B carotene diocygenase. (all carotenes can be converted to retinoids)

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9
Q

where is vit A stored

A

liver

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10
Q

vitamin A function

A

–they are ligand to retinoid receptors.
. Transcriptional activator regulating gene expression during embryonic development and cell diff in postnatal period
. for normal growth of cells and normal functioning of visual, reproductive and immune systems

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11
Q

vitamin A deficiencies

A

. stunted growth adolesecents.
. Atrophy of testicular germinal epithelium and interuppted menstrual cycle
. Night blindess (less photosensitive pigments) less vision at night

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12
Q

Vitamin A sources and intakes

A

retinoids: butter, cheese, egg, liver
carotenes: carrots, sweet potato, spinach

900 microgram adult, 700 children

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13
Q

Vitamin D - forms

A

plant origin = ergocalciferol
animal origin = cholecalciferol
they only differ by side chains

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14
Q

vitamin D synthesis

A

synthesis requires UV
on surface epidermis epithelium
. 7-dihydrocholesterol coverted to cholecalciferol with UV

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15
Q

Vit D sources

A

FISH - they obtain it by ingesting algae that get uv
UV

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16
Q

Vitamin D function

A

they bind to specific receptors in nuclei of target cells . this activates transcriptional factors and reg gene expression of transports proteins
** they steroid + thyroid hormone receptors
. expressed in brain, heart, skin, gonads..

** maintaince of calcium and phosphorus levels

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17
Q

Vitamin D deficiencys

A

bone + muscle pain, weakness
. RICKETS (children) - softening and deform of bones/ teeth

hypervitaminosies = calcification of soft tissue and kidney stone formation due to increase calcium plasma levels

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18
Q

vitamin D intake

A

5 microigram adults
10 micrograms children

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19
Q

vitamin E forms

A

8 compounds - 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols.
only alpha tocophenol has vit E activity

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20
Q

vitamin E function and found

A

accumulates in adipose tissues. found in muscle tiss and cell membr

. its an antioxidant ( enhanced by vit C)

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21
Q

vit E hypovitaminosis

A

anemia - reduced erythro membrane resistance and CNS disorders

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22
Q

vit E sources and intake

A

vegetable fats, leafy greens, nuts

8 miligrams adult, 7 children

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23
Q

vitamin k function

A

for formation of blood clotting factors
. carboxylation of glutamate residues of prothrombin and clotting factors 7,9,10.
. activation of calcium binding proteins (prevents bone fractures)

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24
Q

vit k deficiencies

A

*** primary def rare
. secondary can develop after antibiotic treaatment which destroys inestinal flora

. hypovitaminoses in newborns - high cos their sterile digestive T theres no bacteria to synthesise it + breast milk is low in it

hypervitaminosis rare cos body excretes it faster than other vitamins

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25
Q

vit K sources and intakes

A

leafy greens + liver
. 65 micrograms adults
30 micrograms children

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26
Q

what are watersoluble vitamins

A

readily dissolved in aqeous medium and excess easily controlled in renal excretion
. hypervitaminosis is therfore rare here

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27
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

vit C
vit B1,B2, B3,B5, B6,B7, B9,B12

> B grops are components of coenzymes that are activarted after prior modifications in body

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28
Q

vitamin C forms

A

ascorbic acid (reduced) + dehydroascorbi-ascorbate (oxidised)
. ascorbic acid/ascorbate is an antioxidant

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29
Q

vit C synthesis

A

from glucose ( primates lost this ability)
. involved in synth of 4-hydroxyproline needed for collagen synth (catalysed by proline hydroxylase)

30
Q

Vit C function

A

. it is an intermediate for formation of seratonin from noradrenaline: biosynthesis of L- carnitine

. helps sabsorption of iron in gastrointestinal tract by converting it from trivalent to divalent ion

. regulates cholesterol metabolism

. protects vitamin D and E from oxidation

31
Q

vitamin C deficiency

A

. collagen without ascorbate lacks strength/ helix with H bonds

. avitaminoses - fragile blood vessels SCURVY. gives hemorrages, anemia, oral cavity inf

** people at risk of hypovitaminoses = cancer, chronic inf, smokers, women on oral contraception

32
Q

vit C sources and intake

A

fruits and veg
70 mg

33
Q

vitamin B1 function

A

THIAMINE
. its converted to thiamine pyrophosphate in body which acts as coenzyme in metabolism of carbohydrates and branched AA

. abscence of it impairs met and acytylcholine formation is reduced

34
Q

vit B1 deficiencys

A

BERIBERI - hypervit
. gives anorexia, apathy, fatigue, cardiac failure, polyneuritis

. develops with those who eat lots carbs: , polished rice, raw fish with bacterial thiaminase (hypovit, gives intestinal parasites)

35
Q

vit B2 function

A

RIBOFLAVIN
. coverted to flavin mononeucleotide then to flavin adenine dinucleotide. they are prosthetic groups in dehydrogenases for carb and protein fat metabolism

36
Q

vit B2 def

A

glossitis (smooth tongue), seborrheic dermatitis, chilitis (sores of lip corner), vascularisation of cornea

. hyporiboflavinbnosis due to malnutrition, chronic alcholism

37
Q

vit B2 sources

A

milk, dairy products, meat

38
Q

vit B3 function

A

NIACIN
. part of coenxymes NAD, NADH. involved in metabolism of carb, fats and proteins

. causes vasodilation and lowers plasma cholesterol in high doses

39
Q

vit B3 def

A

PELLAGRA- dermititis, diarrhea, dementia

40
Q

vit b3 sources

A

meat fish legumes walnuts

41
Q

vit B6 function

A

PYRIDOXINE
. most active form = pyridoxal phosphate
. acts as cofactor of 60 enzymes
. aa metabolism (tryp, transamination and decarboxylation.
. conversion of serine to glycine
. formation heme
. formation aminobutyric acid

42
Q

vit b6 def

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia, facial skin rashes, glossitis, stomatitis, seziures

43
Q

vit b6 sources

A

cereal and meat

44
Q

vit B9 function

A

FOLIC ACID
. deriv of tetrahydrofolic acid.
. act as coenzymes in dna rna synth, aa met
. for erythropoeisis
. normal groeth of cells
. form antibodies

45
Q

vit b9 def

A

megaloblastic anemia, growth retardation, hemodialysis, treatment with methotrexate + sulfonamaides

. hypovit - diarrhea, glossitis, weight loss, fatigue

46
Q

vit b9 sources

A

leafy veg, meat, liver

47
Q

vit B12 function

A

CYANCOBALAMIN
. methylcobalmin (transports folic acid into cells and converts to active formfor dna synth
, coenzyme b12 ( for synth of FA and form myein sheath
. involved in hematopoises

48
Q

vit b12 def

A

in abscence of intrinsic factor of Castle
due to chronic intake antibiotics, gastric resection, surgical removal diststal SI

hypovit- pernicious anemia, glossitis, diarrhea constipation, tingling in hands

49
Q

vit b12 sources

A

not synth in plants
meat and liver

50
Q

vit B5 funct

A

PANTOTHENATE
. synth of coenzyme A and acyl carrier proteins ( imp for met of carbs and fats

51
Q

panthenoic acid def

A

dermititis, enteroitits, hair loss
. hypovit = caused by chronic alcholism

52
Q

panthenoic acid sources

A

abundant in plants
bacteria in human colon also synths it

53
Q

Vit b7 funct

A

BIOTIN
. coenzyme for 5 carboxylases (imp for FA synth, gluconeogenesis and degredation AA + FA)

54
Q

Biotin def

A

reduced intestineabsoptin of it

. dermitistis, conjusctivitis, hypotonia, retartadtion in children, depression

55
Q

biotin sources

A

eggs and penuts
synth in our colon flora

56
Q

minerals overview

A

inorganic substances. 4% in human body
. they participate as ions in body and take part in acid base balance and osmotic homeostasis
. builds up bones and teeth
. excitability of cell membranes, muslsce contraction, hemoglobin synth

** large amounts can br toxic

57
Q

what are macrominerals

A

more than 100mg needed
mg Na K Cl Ca Ph

58
Q

magnesium info

A

acts as catalyst of intracellular enz reactions (carb met)
. in cells its bound in atp and adp complrxes

. high concs depress cns and relax muscle contractions

. deficiency = causes increased excitbaility of nervous system, peripheral vasoconstriction and cardiac arrythmia

. sources = fish fruit meat

59
Q

microminerals overview

A

small amounts, 0.01% of body mass
fe Zn Cu, Manganese molybdenum chromium idodine selenium cobalt

60
Q

iron info

A

in hemoglobin and cytochromes
. 4g in adults
. 15mg for adults (small cos hemoglobin destruction releases ironand accum in liver by binding to ferritin
. females reproductive age has higher amounts

deficiency = hypochromic anaemia, reduced resistance to inf

. sources= meat liver spinach

61
Q

zinc info

A

part of carbonic anhydrase 9in erythrocytes of nephrons, ep cells of gastro intestinal mucosa and glands) and peptidases

. Deficiency = growth retardation, disrupt sexual devlpmt, diminsished olf and gustatory sensation
. Endemic def = short stature, anemia, low albumin serum

sources = meat eggs fish
15mg

62
Q

copper info

A

. part of enzymes and cytochrome oxidase, lysyl oxidase, ferrooxidase

. Deficiency = anemia (impaired synth hemoglobin)

sorces = legumes fruit
2.2 mg

63
Q

manganese info

A

in mitochondria of hepatocutes, in bone and in some arginases

source = fruit legumes nuts
2mg

64
Q

fluorine info

A

binds to hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel and increases eresistence to acids

sources = apples, eggs fish liver
its added to drinking water
. 1mg

65
Q

molybdenum info

A

for functioning of xanthine oxidase

. sources = legumes leafy greens
0.5mg

66
Q

chromium info

A

cofactor of glucose tolerance factor - helps insulin

deficiency = reduced carbohydrate tolerance
sources = brewers yeast , broccoli, grapes
0.3mg

67
Q

iodine info

A

synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

deficiency = thyroid hyofunction (gland enlarges and goiter devlps

sources = fish crabs seeaweed shrimps
0.15 mg

68
Q

selenium info

A

component of glutathionine peroxidase (antioxidant enz) ( prevents free radical damage)
has anticancer element

sources = brewers yeast fish crabs shrimp
0.06mg

69
Q

cobalt info

A

needed for structure of vit b12
transport folic acid

70
Q

water

A

2 L daily
breast feeding women 3L

71
Q

dietry intake planning …………………………..

A
72
Q
A

Physiology (20 decks)

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