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Radiographic Protection and Radiobiology > The cell, DNA and chromosomes > Flashcards

The cell, DNA and chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Define biology:

A

A science that explore sliving things and lifeprocesses

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2
Q

What is the basic unit of all living matter?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What are the 3 main requirements of the body?

A
  1. Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
  2. Supply oxygen to help break down food
  3. Have enough water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell
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4
Q

What are the four main structures that make up a human cell?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cytoplasmic organelles
  4. Nucleus
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5
Q

List the cytoplasmic organelles:

A
  1. Edoplasmic reticulum
  2. Golgi apparatus/complex
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Centrosomes
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6
Q

What is contained within a nucleus?

A
  1. DNA
    Nucleolus
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7
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular enviorment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another

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8
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Unite large carb molecules and combines them with protiens to form glycoprotieins
  2. Transfers enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane to exit cell, enter the blood and be carried to areas where they are required
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9
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Manufactures the various protiens that cells requrie

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10
Q

What is the function of the centrosomes?

A

Play some part in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

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11
Q

What do atoms make up?

A

Molecules

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12
Q

What makes up cells?

A

Molecules

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13
Q

What is the atomic composition of the body?

A
  1. 60% hydrogen
  2. 25..7% O2
  3. 10.7 % Carbon
  4. 2.4% Nitrogen
  5. 1% Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur
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14
Q

What is the molecular composition of the body?

A
  1. 80% water
  2. 15% proteins
  3. 2% lipids
  4. 1% Carbohydrates nucelic acids, other
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15
Q

What is considered to be the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule?

A

Nucleic acid (DNA)

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16
Q

What percentage of nucleic acids make up in the cell?

A

Nucleic acids comprise approx 1% of the cell

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17
Q

T/F

Nucleic acids are very large, complex macromolecules

A

True

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids that cells contain?

A
  1. RNA
  2. DNA
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19
Q

What are the 2 DNA compounds?

A
  1. Purines
  2. Pyrimidines
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20
Q

What are purines?

A

2 carbon-hydrogen rings

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21
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

1 Carbon-hydrogen ring

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22
Q

What are the purines of the DNA?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
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23
Q

What are the pyrimidines of the cell?

A
  1. Thymine
  2. Cytosine
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24
Q

What are the pairings of the DNA between pruines and pyrimidines?

A

A pairs with T
G pairs with C

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25
Q

What type of bonds attach the bases to eachotehr within the DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

What makes up the double helix configuration in DNA?

A

2 long sugar phosphate chains that twist around eachother

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27
Q

How is the double helix configuration linked?

A

Linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain

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28
Q

How many base pairs are there in the human body?

A

2.9 billion

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29
Q

How does DNA determine a persons characterisitcs?

A

By regulating the sequence of amino acids in the persons constituent proteins during synthesis of these proteins

30
Q

What makes up a genetic code?

A

The sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in a DNA molecule
(base pairing)

31
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

They are tiny rod shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells

32
Q

What are chormosomes composed of?

A

Protein and DNA

33
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal human have in each somatic (non reproductive) cell?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

34
Q

How many chromosomes do germ cells (reproductive cells) have?

A

23 chromosomes each

35
Q

T/F

Approximetely 30000 genes are capable pf producing 90000 different proteins

A

True

36
Q

What are genes responsible for?

A

They contian info responsible for;
1. DIrecting cytoplasmic activity
2. Controlling growth and development of cell
3. Transmitting hereditary information
4. Control the formation of proteins in every cell through genetic coding

37
Q

What are the 2 effects of radiation exposure on the cell?

A
  1. Cells die
  2. Cells behave abnormally
38
Q

What are the 2 general types of cells?

A
  1. Somatic cells-Body cells
  2. Genetric or germ cells
39
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division that occur in the body?

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
40
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

41
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A process that occurs when all somatic cells divide

42
Q

T/F

In mitosis, the nucleus divides frist, followed by the division of the cytoplasm.

A

True

43
Q

What are the four subphases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
44
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

45
Q

What is interphase?

A

The period of cell growth that occurs before actural mitosis

46
Q

What is the S phase?

A

S phase is when each DNA molecule is replicated and then divided into 2 sister chromatids

47
Q

T/F

Each DNA molecule is replicated into 2 identical daughter chromosomes

A

True

48
Q

What is a chromatid

A

It is one of 2 duplicated protions of DNA in a relicated chromosome that appears during cell division

49
Q

If radiation exposure reaches the cell during metaphase, what can occur?

A
  1. The cell dicision can be stopped
  2. Chromosome damage (results in an approx equal distribution of all cellular material between the 2 daughter cells)
50
Q

T/F

We can see damage caused by radiation during metaphase under a microscope.

A

True

51
Q

Watch videos on mitosis

A

Lecture 6

52
Q

Where is the major difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

The major difference begins at the end of telophase

53
Q

What occurs during crossover in meiosis?

A

Sister chromatids exchange some chromosomal material (genes)

54
Q

What does crossover result in?

A

Changes in genetic compositions and trainst taht can be passed on to future generations

55
Q

What are homologs?

A

2 of each gene of a somatic cell located on 2 different chromosomes

56
Q

How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

57
Q

What is a diploid?

A

The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

58
Q

What are the immature germ cells called in males?

A

Called spermatogonia

59
Q

What are the immature germ cells called in females?

A

Oogonia

60
Q

What are mature germ cells called in females?

A

Ova or egg

61
Q

What are mature germ cells called in males?

A

Sperm or spermatozoa

62
Q

How many chromosomes do immature germ cells have?

A

46 chromosomes

63
Q

How many chromosomes do mature germ cells have?

A

23 chromsomes

64
Q

What is ploidy?

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

65
Q

T/F

Ussually a gamete carries a full set of chromosomes that includes a single copy of each chromosome.

A

True

66
Q

What is the haploid number?

A

It is the number of chromosomes in a gamete (n)

67
Q

What do two gametes form?

A

A diploid zygote with twice the number of chromosomes

68
Q

What does a zygote become?

A

An embryo

69
Q

Watch videos on meiosis

A

Lecture 6

70
Q

Label the phases of meiosis:

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase 1
  3. Metaphase 1
  4. Anaphase 1
  5. Telephase 1 & cytokenesis
  6. Prophase 2
  7. Metaphase 2
  8. Anaphase 2
  9. Telephase 2 and cytokenesis
71
Q

Pictures for understanding

A

Miosis for understanding

72
Q

What are the 4 classes of Organic Compounds?

A
  • (Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids (fat), Nucleic Acids)

Radiographic Protection and Radiobiology (11 decks)

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