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Sociology > education and social class > Flashcards

education and social class Flashcards

1
Q

What is social class?

A

-someones position within the hierarchy : occupation, income, qualifications

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2
Q

What may determine someones social class?

A

-accent
-clothes
-money
-school type
-manners
-cultural capital

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3
Q

characteristics of upper class?

A

-private school
-oxford and cambridge
-high paid jobs
-connections (social capital)

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4
Q

Characterstics of middle class?

A

-cheaper private school
-state schools
-private tuition
-extra curricular clubs
-universities- russell groups

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5
Q

Characteristics of lower class?

A

-state schools
-local area schools
-vocational, BTEC and apprentiships
-less likely to go UNI
-lower status UNI

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6
Q

Explaination for social class differences?
(internal factors)

A

-school policies
-labeling
-setting and streaming
-pupil subcultures

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7
Q

Explaination for social class differences?
(external factors)

A

-economic capital
-cultural capital
-cultural deprivation
-less moeny for priv tutor

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8
Q

What is meant by external factors?

A

-refers to things taking place out of school that impact someones educational attainment

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9
Q

whats meant by internal factors?

A

-refers to things which take place in school that impact educational attainment

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10
Q

What is meant by material factors?

A

-money and the impact of being wealthy or poor

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11
Q

Whats meant by economic capital?

A

-advantage held by those who have money to invest in education

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12
Q

Examples of economic capital?

A

-buying textbooks
-private tutors
-money for uniform
-extra curricular activities
-school trips
-websites
-lunch

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13
Q

Adonis and pollard idea about private tutors

A

-more economic capital = private tutors
-provides ppl w advantage
-more likely to secure place in elite uni
-priviledge transmitted through one gen to another

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14
Q

What is meant by material deprivation?

A

-those who dont have enough money
to afford material goods

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15
Q

What do smith and noble say about poorer pupils?

A

-‘barrier to learning’
-cant afford range of educational e.g toys, books,space, tutor
-cant achieve as high grades

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16
Q

what do callendar and jackson say about poorer pupils?

A

-put off UNI due to fear of debt
-too expensive
-needed to take up full time employment to cover familys income

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17
Q

how material factors impact educational achievement?

A

-health= poor nutrition
-living accomodation= damp, overcrowded
-pre schl education= £1400 per month
-toys and resources
-trips and activities
-part time work
-school facilities
-higher education fees
-catchment area - disadvatged area may ruin ED attainment

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18
Q

what does J.W.B douglas say about cultural deprivation & parent attitudes?

A

-middle class parents place more importance on childs education
-visit school frequently
-attend parent evenings
-likely to encourage child more
-more interest in childs ED

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19
Q

Evaluate J.W.B Douglas?

A

-working class have to be at work
-high power position mean they can plan their time more
-working class may have poor education themselves
-working class would fight for their kid to move up social ladder

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20
Q

What does Bernstein say about cultural deprivation and langauge use?

A

-language used by working class is restricted code
-middle class is elaborated code
-elaborated code fits demand of school work and writing essays
- these require more detail
-middle class use elaborated at home so find it easy

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21
Q

The restricted code?

A

-between family & friends
-ungrammatical and limited
-understood by both speakers so detail not needed

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22
Q

The elaborated code?

A

-strangers and individuals in formal context
-explanation and detail needed
-business letter, essays
-wider vocab

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23
Q

Examples of Elaborated code?

A

-“Good morning ms im sorry im late”
-“Im very sorry that i didnt complete the work, i was so busy and stressed about other assignments”

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24
Q

Examples of restricted code?

A

-“i didnt do it”
-“im not sure”

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25
Q

evaluation of langauge codes?

A

weaknesses:
-lanaguge use can depend on context situation and not class
-mood/ prsn being spoken to is also important
strengths:
-highlights bias towards elaborated code in schools

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26
Q

The mis education of the working class?
(examples of class segregation in schools?)

A

-upper class= private schools
-working class fewer qualified teachers
-working class = lower sets, less experience

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27
Q

negative implications of putting kids into sets?

A

-competitive counting culture
-remorseless system of hierarchical ranking
-people in bottom set disregarded
-impact self esteem if considered low ability

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28
Q

whats the middle class advantage over working class?

A

-intellectual superiority
- private tutors
-buy properties within catchment areas for high achieving schools

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29
Q

how to make education fairer?

A

-social mix- improving working class kids attainment
-they learn what they share is more important then their ‘differences’.

30
Q

what is meant by higher professional backgrounds?

A

-parents hv jobs e.g lawyer, doctor w specialist training they earn more money

31
Q

whats meant by routine backgrounds?

A

-parents hv low skilled jobs e.g cleaner, shop assistant - less qualified

32
Q

what is a state school?

A

-GOv funded, all uk citzens have right to free place

33
Q

private/ indpependant schl?

A

-pay fees to attend

34
Q

public school?

A

-elite private schl, public if your rich enough to pay huge fees

35
Q

1.cultural deprivation
2.immediate gratification
3.deferred gratification

A

1.deprived of cultural knowledge to do well in ED
2.want rewards now rather than later (leave at 16- working class)
3.realising rewards will be greater at the end( stay in Ed longer middle class)

36
Q

4.capital
5.cultural capital
6.economic capital

A

4.having an advantage
5.advantage in knowledge e.g music, art
6.advantage in money to spend on ED

37
Q

7.social capital
8.compensatory ED

A

7.social connections and networks e.g internships
8.policies brought by gov to design to tackle material and cultural deprivation providing extra resources to schls

38
Q

what is the meaning of cultural deprivation?(attitudes and values)

A

-cultural deprivation explanations of underachievement suggesting attitudes, language, other aspects of cultural life are deficient compared to white, middle class.

39
Q

what does sugarman say?

A

-working class have diff values, attitudes and lifestyles and this disadvantages them in ED system.

40
Q

What does future orientation mean and how does impact on educational experience?

A

-means planning for the future
-middle class advantage focus on what they need to achieve grades

41
Q

What does deferred gratification mean and how does impact on educational experience?

A

-means to stay in ED longer putting rewards off in the hope for better rewards later
-(middle class stay in higher ED to achieve better jobs)

42
Q

What does present time orientation mean and how does impact on educational experience?

A

-means lack of emphasis on future goals and planning
-(working class the lads, to have a laugh)

43
Q

What does immediate gratification mean and how does impact on educational experience?

A

-want reward now,leave school to get a job even if low pay
-(working class leave school as soon as they can)

44
Q

What does fatalism mean and how does impact on educational experience?

A

-means acceptance of what will be and you cant change
-working class dont try change their position

45
Q

What does collectivism mean and how does impact on educational experience?

A

-loyalty to the grp and not jus for the individual
-working class dont compete w eachother but work together

46
Q

evaluation of sugarman

A

-quite dated
-sodha and margo found similar attitudes still relevant today, still impact on achievement in difff classes
-may be more relevant to the white working class
- then ethnic who normally have higher aspirations
-as ethnic are more under pressure and want to make the most out of ED

47
Q

What is the cultural capital within schools?

A

-right dress, behavior, attitude
-extension to home life
-seek good marks, do hw
-to appear intelligent

48
Q

why does the working class find the cultural capital within schools hard?

A

-unfamiliar to them at home
-culture clash in their home
-brings underachievement

49
Q

what does Bourdieu say?

A

middle class have cultural,social and economic capital which advantages them in education

50
Q

example of cultural capital?

A

-watch bbc
-gallery
-museum
-bourdieu

51
Q

examples of social capital?

A

-know headteachers
-important ppl
-help w admissions
-gerwitz

52
Q

examples of economic capital?

A

-resources
-move house to catchment areas
-gerwtiz

53
Q

Evaluate cultural capital

A

-seen no correlation w increase in GCSE results
-reading activites more effective(boosted grades by 7 to 9 points)
-evidence from understanding society survery

54
Q

other benefits of cultural capital?

A

-longer life
-lower risk of premature death
-boost wellbeing
-improve depression, dementia

55
Q

What does “sure start” labour gov (1998) do?

A

-pre school children
-play sessions, educational toys and parent support classes

56
Q

evaluate “sure start”

A

-not large impact
-middle class would take advantage

57
Q

pupil premium (2011) coalition gov

A

-additional money
to FSM
-money spent on strategies resources to support

58
Q

evaluation pupil gov

A

-not enough to close the gap
-less able parents cant really help w hw
-some schls spend money to support SEN students

59
Q

what does educational maintenance allowance labour gov do?

A

-money given to 16-19 year olds from low income
-help in further ED

60
Q

Evaluate educational maintenance

A

-helpful to students to pay books and travel but scrapped by coalition

61
Q

excellence in cities labour gov?

A

-schools in deprived areas given extra money
-get resources
-improve outcomes

62
Q

evaluate excellence in cities

A

-whitty claims schemes didn’t work
-didnt make enough impact on achievement

63
Q

How can we evaluate the cultural explanations?

A

-overlook practical diffuclties; working class work alot, more shifts, dont have enough time to visit schl
-ignore school issues;teachers attitudes towards pupils is what disadvatages them
-schools should change!; embrace working class culture more
-compensatory ED; was largely unsucessful from gov

64
Q

What did Douglas say?

A

-working class parents show less interest in childs ED; dont attend parents evenings
-thats why they underachieve

65
Q

What did Becker say?

A

-teachers label students of middle class as being ‘ideal pupils’ they are more favoured

66
Q

what did Gilborn say?

A

-working class & black pupils more likely to be bottom set

67
Q

What did Bourdieu say?

A

-use term ‘cultural capital’ to posses superior knowledge
-gained by going galleries,theatres,mueseums
-middle class

68
Q

What did rosenthal and jacobson say?

A

-‘self fulfilling prophecy’
-children completed IQ test
-teachers werent given correct info ab their scores

69
Q

what did Gerwitz say?

A

-middle class pupils more likely to get into good schools
-using cultural and economic advantage

70
Q

what did Howard say?

A

-young people from poorer homes have poor health and nutrition
-have more time off school

71
Q

What did Bernstein say?

A

-middle class speak in elaborate code
-advantage to middle class as its the language of schls and teachers

72
Q

What did Sugarman say?

A

-Working class posses 4 key values which may lead to underachievement; fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation.

Sociology (33 decks)

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