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EH1 > Measuring health > Flashcards

Measuring health Flashcards

wk 4

1
Q

What is the purpose of descriptive studies?

A

generates a hypothesis but can’t confirm it

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2
Q

what are the three types of descriptive studies?

A

Case studies, case series and cross-sectional survey

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3
Q

What is the purpose of case study?

A

Understanding the report of ONE patient (them and the disease) to generate a hypothesis about expsoure and disease relationship

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4
Q

What is the structure of a case study?

A

Examine one patient aksing questions about life, background, exposure and disease.

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5
Q

what is the purpose of case series?

A

To describe the common features and generate a hypothesis about exposure.

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6
Q

What is the structure of case series?

A

Small collection of cases with common characteristics

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7
Q

What is the purpose of cross sectional studies?

A

assess the status of the disease or a population at the same point in time.

Can’t show case and effect as snapshot at the same time.

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8
Q

What is an example of a cross sectional study?

A

5000 Aus Post employees asked about their weight and PA at the same time.

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9
Q

What are observational studies?

A

researcher does not alter what occurs

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10
Q

What is the result of observational studies?

A

reflects what happens in real life but is subject to bias

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11
Q

what are interventional studies?

A

research changes something and then obsevres the result. Exposure and then watch ouctome

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12
Q

What is the result of interventional study?

A

less bias but is less refelctive of real life.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of analytical studies?

A

attempts to qualify relationship between factors

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14
Q

what are the types of analytical studies?

A

Case Cohort, case control and randomised controlled trail

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15
Q

What type of study is RCT part of?

A

Prospective cohort

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16
Q

Is the disease present in case-control studies?

A

yes - have disease first and then try to find exposure

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17
Q

Is the disease present in cohort studies?

A

no- have exposure and then try to determine what the disease will be

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18
Q

What is the outcome and study factor of case-control studies

A

O= expsore SF= Disease

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19
Q

What is the outcome and the study factors of cohort studies?

A

O= disease SF= exposure

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20
Q

What is an example of a case-control study?

A

1952 study of 700 M and W with lung cancer and 700 without. looked at smoking history and other information.

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21
Q

What are case-control study always?

A

retrospective (looks back)

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22
Q

What type of study is a case-control?

A

analyical - observational

23
Q

What type of study is a RCT?

A

analytical - INTERVENTIONAL (only one)

24
Q

What are the two groups in a randomised control study?

A

Control group and study group

25
Q

How are the groups assigned in RTC?

A

Randomly

26
Q

What is the control group also known as?

A

Comparison group

27
Q

What must the comparison group be made up of and why?

A

People that are as alike to the study group as possible. otherwise is confounding.

28
Q

What is an example of Cohort study?

A

Workers at factory are exposed to asbestos fibres- ask: does exposure to asbestos cause mesothelia?

29
Q

What is confounding?

A

Third variable is actually the reason for both the disease and the exposure. Thir varible not in postulated pathway.

30
Q

What does the Compounding variable need to be for it to actually be compounding?

A

independently associated with BOTH presumed exposure and outcome

31
Q

What are compounding factors?

A

age, height, upbringing, origin, background, gender etc.

32
Q

What are the three types of bias?

A

Confounding, selection and information

33
Q

what is selection bias?

A

when the way that people have been selected disorts estimation because there is a difference between participants and non participants or those getting control and those not.

34
Q

What is information bias?

A

information collected differently between two study groups.

35
Q

What are four ways that researchers make a control group that avoids bias?

A

restriction, matching, randomisation and statistical methods.

36
Q

How does restriction work?

A

only have people in certain category (age, gender or ethnicity etc)

37
Q

How does matching work?

A

Match a person in study group to the person in control group

38
Q

What is the effect of randomisation?

A

Equally distributes the potentially compounding factors removing chance of bias and that it is reflective of the study group.

39
Q

What is single blinding?

A

Participant OR researcher DON’T know which arm in.

40
Q

What is double blinding?

A

BOTH participants and investigator unaware of who getting what.

41
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of NEW cases that arise in a given period of time.

42
Q

What is Prevalence?

A

Number of existing cases in a given time period.

43
Q

What is the importance of calmative incidence?

A

understanding the probability/risk that individual will develop something over time.

44
Q

How is incidence calculated?

A

no of new cases in period / number of people at risk

45
Q

How is prevalence calculated?

A

total number of cases / total population

46
Q

What is the main purpose of incidence and prevalence?

A

They both give society measures of disease frequency.

47
Q

If the incidence is LOW but duration is LONG =

A

prevalence is HIGHER than incidence

48
Q

if incidence is HIGH and duration is short =

A

prevalence is LOWER than incidence

49
Q

Why do we use age-standardisation?

A

Age can be a confounding factor so need to make specific rates

50
Q

Generally, how is age standardisation made?

A

Age- standardisation measurement AGAINST a standard reference of population

51
Q

What is CDR?

A

Crude Death rate and calculates total number of deaths per 1000

52
Q

How is CDR calculated?

A

Total population deaths/ total population

53
Q

What are the steps for calculating Age Specific death rates?

A

Amount of deaths in age range/ total population in that age range

then; put in rate per 100 000

54
Q

What is the effect of age-standardisation?

A

Allows two populations to be compared on a standard level without compouding bias.

EH1 (11 decks)

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