Poverty as violence Flashcards
What is self directed violence?
Anything an individual does intentionally that can cause injury to self. For example suicide.
What is intimate partner violence?
A type of domestic violence against a former or current spouse by the spouse or someone from in an intimate relationship.
Usually but not exclusively occurs in the home.
What is collective violence?
The intentional use of violence by people who identify themselves as a group against people they identify as another group.
How does WHO define violence?
The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual against oneself, another person or against a group/community.
Results in high likelihood of injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or malnutrition.
How does violence effect health?
Risk of accidents and emergency admission increases
Risk of poor psychological wellbeing due to prolonged threat
Reduces the use of green space and outdoors in communities where violence is prevalent.
Marginalised group associated with violence are often in areas of high drug and alcohol abuse, which also have consequences on health.
What are the different types of interpersonal violence?
Refers to violence between people. Includes:
Family and IPV - usually in the home
Community violence - unrelated individuals, generally outside the home. includes rape, your violence, bullying and gang violence.
How common is youth violence?
16-24yrs suffer higher levels of violence than other adult age groups
11% of Males and 6% females in that age group suffering violence in the last year
Half of all violence reported by adults was estimated to have been committed by 16-24yrs.
What are some risk factors for youth violence?
Male gender
Neglect and abuse in childhood
Personality traits e.g hyperactive
Poor family functioning
Domestic violence in the home
Delinquent peers and gang involvement
Living in a high crime area
Alcohol consumption
Social inequality.
How do gangs relate to youth violence?
Vulnerable teenagers being targeted by gangs.
Often used to transport material across county lines.
Childrens Commissioner Report - suggest young adults and children were being groomed into gangs and criminal behaviour (in the same way some other children are groomed in sexual exploitation).
What are some characteristics of children in gangs?
More likley to have social and emotional health issues
More than twice as likely to be self harming
Parent or carer misusing substances
8x more likely to be misusing themselves
Unlikely to have basic care need met at home.
Witnessed domestic violence
Missing/absent from school.
Suffer from social isolation.
How prevalent in childhood engagement in gangs?
6,500 identified as gang members in England
Expected to be higher value at 27,000.
This impact grows when considered siblings or family of these gang members and people they associate with who may be put at threat
34,000 children a year are a victim of violence either as a gang member of knowing a gang member.
What are some risk factors for gang involvement?
Individual: hyperactive, positive attitude towards delinquency, physical aggression
Family: poverty, domestic violence, broken home, anti-social parents
School - low commitment, high absences, low performance
Peer group - peer rejection, delinquent peers
Community - neighbourhood disorganization, availability of drugs.
How common is child sexual exploitation>
7% of 11-17yrs suffer from severe physical abuse and 5% from contact sexual abuse.
Girls were at a greater risk of sexual abuse than boys
In 2/3 of all cases perpetrators had been other children or young people.
Define child sexual exploitation
A form of child sexual abuse
Occurs when a group or individual takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child or young person under that age of 18yrs into sexual activity, often in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or the financial advantage/increased status of the perpetrator of facilitator.
Still exploitation even if appears consensual
Does not need to be physical contact, can also occur though use of technology.
What are the different factors around a child that make them more likely to be a victim of child sexual exploitation?
Individual - victim of child maltreatment, alcohol, personality disorder
Relationship - poor parenting, violent parenting, peers, low socioeconomic household
Community - poverty, high unemployment, high time, local illicit drug trade, inadequate victim care services
Society - economic/gender inequality, high firearm availability, cultural norms that support violence.
