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Intro to Neuroscience > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Aromatase

A

converts testosterone to estrogen

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2
Q

Negative feedback

A

output feeds back and inhibits further secretion

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3
Q

Positive feedback

A

output feeds back and promotes further secretion

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4
Q

Target cell feedback

A

the hormone acts on its target cells and has a biological effect

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5
Q

The ______ can direct hormone release

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

The pituitary stalk connects

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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7
Q

The pituitary stalk has axons that connect to

A

the posterior pituitary

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8
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes

A

Vasopressin: anti-diuretic hormone
Oxytocin: reproductive (contractions, breastmilk release, etc)

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary is accessed solely through the

A

bloodstream

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10
Q

Endocrine glands

A

release hormones within the body

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11
Q

Exocrine glands

A

use ducts to secrete fluid outside the body

ex. tears, sweat

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12
Q

Hypothalmus

A

control of hormone secretions

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13
Q

Pineal gland

A

Reproductive maturation, body rhythms

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary functions

A

Hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

growth

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15
Q

Posterior pituitary functions

A

Water balance, salt balance

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16
Q

Thyroid

A

growth and development, metabolic rate

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17
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

salt and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions

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18
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

emotional arousal

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19
Q

Pancreas

A

sugar metabolism

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19
Q

Gut

A

digestion and appetite control

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19
Q

Gonads (testes/ovaries) 🀀

A

Body development, maintenance of reproductive organs

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20
Q

Forms of chemical communication

A

endocrine communication- a hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues
synaptic/neurocrine function- involves chemical release and diffusion across the synapse

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21
Q

Releasing hormones are released into local blood vessels, called ___.

A

hypophyseal portal system

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22
Q

Axons from hypothalamic neurons converge on the ____, above the pituitary stalk.

A

median eminence

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23
Q

Psychosocial dwarfism

A

failure to grow caused by stress in early life

24
Q

Somatomedins

A

inhibit the release of GH by acting directly on the anterior pituitary and by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus

released by the liver in response to GH

25
Q

The anterior pituitary releases six tropic hormones:

A
  1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  5. Prolactin
    6.Growth hormone (GH)
26
Q

The adrenal glands are located _____.

A

on top of each kidney

27
Q

In mammals, the outer 80% of the adrenal gland is the _____, and the core 20% is the _____.

A

Adrenal cortex,
Adrenal medulla

28
Q

Main steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and mineralocorticoids

29
Q

The adrenal medulla releases ____.

A

Amine hormones
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine

30
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones

31
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

increases thyroid hormone release

32
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates egg-containing follicles in females or sperm production in males.

33
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in females and testosterone production by the testes in males.

34
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior.

35
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

somatotropin or somatotropic hormone, influences growth, mostly during sleep. The stomach hormone ghrelin also evokes GH release.

36
Q

Goiter 😳

A

swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency

37
Q

kisspeptin πŸ‘„

A

hypothalamic peptide, stimulates GnRH involved in the onset of puberty

38
Q

The hypothalamus controls gonadal hormone production by releasing ___.

A

gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH)

39
Q

soulja

A

boy

40
Q

Ovaries produce these hormones in cycles

A

progestins, such as progesterone, and estrogens such as 17Ξ²-estradiol, or estradiol

41
Q

Not a groomer, just a…

A

loser

42
Q
A
43
Q

Hormonal and neural systems work together in 4 ways:

A

Neural-to-neural
Neural-to-endocrine
Endocrine-to-endocrine
Endocrine-to-neural

44
Q

Altricial animals

A

Born undeveloped and depend on parents for care and survival

ex, humans πŸ‘ΆπŸ»

45
Q

Chronic stress prevents proliferation in the ______

A

hippocampus

46
Q

Oxytocin

A

increases during nursing and during orgasm and acts directly on both the nucleus accumbens and amygdala to promoting a feeling of bonding

47
Q

Precocial animals

A

Born relatively developed and are able to survive with little parental care

ex. sea turtle, duck πŸ¦†

48
Q

Autocrine communication

A

a released chemical acts on the releasing cell

49
Q

Paracrine communication

A

the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

50
Q

allomones

A

chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species.

ex. flowers and bees

51
Q

Pheromone communication

A

used to communicate between individuals of the same species

52
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

characterized by impairments in language and social interactions

53
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

exposure to androgens before birth
causes the child to be born intersex

54
Q

Aromatization hypothesis

A

Testosterone enters the brain and is converted to estrogens which then masculinize the brain

55
Q

A-fetoprotein

A

binds estrogens to prevent them from crossing the brain to prevent aromatization and masculinization

56
Q

T/F A-fetoprotein binds testosterone

A

false

57
Q

Activation effect

A

Hormone treatment that briefly activates behavior in organisms that lack sex hormones

58
Q
A

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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