Ch.12, Conflict/Prejduice

Question 1

Social trap:

Answer 1

situation where conflicting parties are caught in mutually destructive behaviour

Question 2

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Answer 2

Crown gives incentive for each person to confess privately: is Prisoner A confesses and Prisoner B doesn’t, the crown will grant immunity to the first and use that confession to give the person a conviction on the maximum offense
If both confess, each will receive a moderate sentence
If neither confesses, each will be convicted of a lesser crime and receive a light sentence

Question 3

The Tragedy of the Commons

Answer 3

Hardin, Tragedy of the Commons: if we all use the same resource in moderation, it will replenish itself (shared resources), if not, a tragedy of the commons occurs
Collectivist and individualist cultures do the same thing: we lack regulation and and fear that others will deplete the same resource

Question 4

Small Is Beautiful, Resolving Social Dilemmas

Answer 4

In smaller groups, each person feels more responsible and effective
In smaller groups, people also identify more with the groups success
Residential stability also strengthens communal identity and pro community behavior
Smaller group sizes are better for business organizations, religious congregations, etc. because a smaller amount of people can be adequately mamnaged

Question 5

Discussion and resolving group dilemmas

Answer 5

Discussing the dilemma at hand forges a group identity, which enhances a concern for everyone’s welfare
Devises group norms and expectations and pressures members to follow them

Question 6

Dawes, Cooperation Experiment:

Answer 6

tested whether willing to give money to other participants and receive more (tested via a basic cooperation method), giving was mutually advantageous but required risk; after the group could discuss this and establish mutual trust and cooperation, almost all were willing to cooperate

Question 7

Competition and prejudice

Answer 7

Hostilities arise under competition
Prejudice amplifies the perception of threat
Groups act more competitively than individuals do

Question 8

Perceived Injustice/ Equity/ Golden Rule

Answer 8

People perceive justice as equity
If your inputs relate evenly to your outcomes and they are the same as another’s, there is perceived equity
“Golden Rule” whoever holds the upper hand in a dynamic determines what is equitable input

Question 9

Mirror-Image Perceptions:

Answer 9

when two sides have clashing perceptions, at least one side is misperceiving the other, each may treat each other in ways that provoke the confirmation of the other groups expectations of them (they are hostile)

Question 10

Myside bias

Answer 10

Myside Bias: always have a bias for our own side

Question 11

Simplistic Thinking:

Answer 11

when tension rises, views of the enemy become more simplistic and stereotyped

Question 12

Proximity and reducing conflict

Answer 12

Proximity boosts liking
Attitudes follow this behavior
iNCREASED CONTACT = PREDICTED DECREASED PREJUDICE
Exposure to other race faces produced increasing liking other race strangers

Question 13

Informal segregation and pluralistic ignorance

Answer 13

Informal Segregation: prejudice and pluralistic ignorance (assuming the other race doesn’t want to sit with you either) contributes to ongoing informal segregation

Question 14

How does Intergorup contact reduce prejudice

Answer 14

Intergroup contact reduces prejudice and increases support for racial equality by: REDUCING ANXIETY OF INTERACTING WITH DIFF GROUP, INCREASING EMPATHY FOR OTHER GROUP, HUMANIZING THE OTHER GROUP, AND DECREASING PERCEIVED THREATS

Question 15

Group salience and prejudice

Answer 15

Group Salience; increased visibility helps bridge the divide between people

Question 16

Equal Status Contact

Answer 16

Unequal status contact has bad effects
When contact is competitive, unsupported by authorities, and unequal, it decreases liking (like when white people only interacted with black people in subordinate positions in society)

Question 17

Common enemy and cooperation

Answer 17

Shared threats and common goals breed unity
Leaders (authoritarian usually) create a common scapegoated enemy in order to ensure that this unity is created
Our social identities strengths self-concept and pride, especially when perceiving that we are superior
Being formed into arbitrary groups, even that mean nothing, promotes an in-group bias

Question 18

Sherif’s Camp Study, Superordinate Goals

Answer 18

Put boys in a camp on two separate teams
Proximity fostered animosity and strong in-group identity
But when they had to get resources that required pooled effort, the boys cooperated despite intense hostility
With superordinate goals, almost all hostility vanished
APPLIES POLITICALLY DURING WAR EFFORTs

Question 19

Cooperative Learning and Racial Attitudes in schoolchildren

Answer 19

Those who work together interracially are more likely to report having friends of another race and express positive racial attitudes
Cooperative learning among schoolchildren that learning what other races have to add as far as knowledge top a group increases the academic achievement of the group on the task and increases liking
Cooperative, equal status contacts exert a positive influence

Question 20

Bargaining

Answer 20

Tough bargaining may lower the other party’s expectations, making the other side willing to settle for less

Question 21

Integrative Agreement:

Answer 21

mutually rewarding agreement (better than compromise)

Question 22

Compassion collapse

Answer 22

This “collapse of compassion”—decreasing concern as the number of suffering people increases—also occurs as people regulate their painful emotional responses to large tragedies

Question 23

Symbolic Threat Theory

Answer 23

Builds on realistic group conflict theory
Conflict is not only about scarce resources, but is about values and beliefs (contain a more symbolic threat) WHICH ARE NOT CONSIDERED RESOURCES
(LGBTQ conflict)

Question 24

Integrated Threat Theory

Answer 24

Conflict occurs when:
Four major types of threats: realistic threats (threats over resources) symbolic threats (values and beliefs) intergroup anxiety (awkward feeling one may have when they are in the presence of an outgroup member) negative stereotypes (creates the awkward feeling in intergroup anxiety, because they have negative expectations of how out-group members behave)

Question 25

PERCEIVED COMPLEXITY EXPERIMENT:

Answer 25

If you are biased toward an author/ group, you will rate the writing from that group as more complex; overestimate complexity of their own group’s, speech, underestimate the complexity of others work

Question 26

Complexity of rhetoric during conflict crisis climax

Answer 26

Occurs within groups and between groups leading up to and during conflict
3Complexity of rhetoric increased in Cuban Missile Crisis at the climax of the conflict
WWI was the opposite: complexity of rhetoric was reduced