ap unit 5

Question 1

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 1

the study of internal mental process (perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem solving, and learning)

Question 2

Metacognition

Answer 2

when we think about our thinking, active control and awareness of our own thinking (planning, monitoring one’s own thoughts, making decisions, evaluating)

Question 3

Concepts

Answer 3

Organization, mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas or people (form category hierarchies from concept, help us to identify objects)

Question 4

Prototype

Answer 4

First Think Of, mental image or the best example of a specific concept or category (the more closely something matches our prototype of a concept, the more readily we recognize it)

Question 5

Convergent Thinking

Answer 5

Logic, type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single, well established answer to a problem (limits creativity)

Question 6

Divergent Thinking

Answer 6

Imagination, thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions (spontaneous, non linear manner of thinking)

Question 7

Problem Solving

Answer 7

the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze, and solve problems

Question 8

Algorithms

Answer 8

set of step by step procedures that provide the correct answer to a particular problem (useful in situations when accuracy is needed or where similar problems need to be solved frequently)

Question 9

Heuristics

Answer 9

Rules of Thumb, an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions to a problem (mental shortcut, effort reduction)

Question 10

Representative Heuristics

Answer 10

comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype (allows us to make decisions quickly, helps us to ignore factors in shaping events)

Question 11

Availability Heuristics

Answer 11

basing decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind (anything that enables information to pop in the mind with no effort, connected to events in common)

Question 12

Mental Set

Answer 12

tendency people have to only use solutions that have worked in the past rather than looking for an alternative idea (rigid thinking)

Question 13

Functional Fixedness

Answer 13

tendency to view problems only in their customary manner (prevents people from seeing all of the different options to see a solution)

Question 14

Confirmation Bias

Answer 14

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence (hears what they want to hear)

Question 15

Belief Perseverance

Answer 15

Denial, tendency to hold on to beliefs even when evidence proves those beliefs to be wrong

Question 16

Overconfidence

Answer 16

tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill, or judgment (people might not know how uninformed they are on a subject)

Question 17

Hindsight Bias

Answer 17

I Knew It All Along, the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are (after an event, people say they believed to have known the outcome before it actually happened)

Question 18

Framing

Answer 18

Cognitive Bias, the process of presenting or posing an issue or question, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments people make

Question 19

Anchoring Effect

Answer 19

Cognitive Bias, favoring the first information offered (people have a tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information given, givens impact on choices)

Question 20

Language

Answer 20

language our spoken written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 21

Phonemes

Answer 21

smallest meaningful unit of sound in a language (meaningful sound is one that will change one word into another word, shortly after birth)

Question 22

Morphemes

Answer 22

the smallest pairing of meaning to any given set of sounds (a single word can have a bunch of meaning wrapped in it)

Question 23

Babbling Stage

Answer 23

beginning at four months of age (infant spontaneously vocalizes various sounds at first unrelated to the language spoken at home, nonsense words)

Question 24

One Word Stage

Answer 24

Ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words (whole idea can be expressed, child learns that sounds carry meanings)

Question 25

Two Word Stage

Answer 25

age two, a child speaks mostly two or three word statements

Question 26

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 26

child will use mostly nouns and verbs (overgeneralization, not using grammar rules correctly)

Question 27

Skinner’s Theory of Language Acquistion

Answer 27

Skinner believed children learn language through operant conditioning, they receive rewards for using language in a functional manner

Question 28

Chomsky’s Inborn Universal Grammar

Answer 28

all human languages contain nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and humans are born with innate ability to acquire language and even a genetic predisposition to learn grammatical rules

Question 29

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 29

region of the brain that is important for language development (responsible for comprehension of speech, disorder if damaged to speak with no meaning)

Question 30

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 30

production of speech function to help put words together to make complete sentences (disorder of lack of fluency of speech, with preserved language comprehension)

Question 31

Intelligence

Answer 31

the ability to learn from one’s experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations and problem solving (no standard to what intelligence is)

Question 32

Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

Answer 32

1905, alfred binet and theodore simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities (basis for modern intelligence tests)

Question 33

Mental Age

Answer 33

assessor identifies if children are ahead or behind their peers

Question 34

Standford-Binet Intelligence Test

Answer 34

lewis terman modified the test for the US, audience varied in age and broader range of subjects

Question 35

Formula for Intelligence Quotient

Answer 35

mental age divided by chronological age times 100

Question 36

General Intelligence (g factor)

Answer 36

Charles Spearman, intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed (split into two different factors of intelligence by john horn and raymond cattell)

Question 37

Fluid intelligence

Answer 37

refers to the ability to reason and think flexibility, tends to diminish with adult aging

Question 38

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 38

refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills acquired throughout life, tends to increase with age

Question 39

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 39

the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions (some believe it could be strengthened meanwhile others believe it is an inborn characteristic)

Question 40

Heritability

Answer 40

portion of variation among individuals in a population that results from genetic causes (intelligence ranges from 50 to 75 percent, genetic makeup determines the upper limit for an individual IQ in an ideal environment, and lower limit for impoverished environment)

Question 41

Flynn Effect

Answer 41

James Flynn, IQ scores have been rising worldwide (better early brain development, better health care, advances in technology, smaller families, better parenting, increased access to educational opportunities)

Question 42

Psychometricians

Answer 42

Measurement Psychologist, focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data (includes tests of abilities, interests, creativity, personality and intelligence, disovers individual differences)

Question 43

Standardization

Answer 43

two part test development procedure (establishes tet norms from the test results of larger representative sample, ensures that all tests are administer and scored uniformly)

Question 44

Norms

Answer 44

each test taker completes the test under the same conditions as all other participants in the same group

Question 45

Norm referenced test

Answer 45

to compare sample group of test takers to entire population taking the test

Question 46

Achievement Tests

Answer 46

designed to measure a person’s level of skill, accomplishment, or knowledge in a specific area

Question 47

Aptitude Tests

Answer 47

designed to assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is able to learn or do, often used to assess academic potential or career suitability (taken in school to see which type of career would be good)

Question 48

Group Tests

Answer 48

standardized tests can be administered in groups, widely used and efficient

Question 49

Individual Tests

Answer 49

tests administered to one person by a trained professional (require social interaction with examiner and test taker, provide information in behavior)

Question 50

Reliability

Answer 50

Consistency, the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people

Question 51

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 51

best for intelligence, administering a test twice at two different points in time

Question 52

Split-Half Reliability

Answer 52

measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being (compare results on half with results of other half)

Question 53

Validity

Answer 53

the degree in which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure

Question 54

Content Validity

Answer 54

test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure

Question 55

Predictive Validity

Answer 55

test accurately forecasts performance on a future measure

Question 56

Normal Distribution

Answer 56

bell shaped curve in which the majority of scores lie near or around the average score (further towards the extreme ends of the distribution, scores tend to become less common)