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BIS 2C > Metazoa > Flashcards

Metazoa Flashcards

Learn vocabulary and concepts associated with metazoa

1
Q

Gills

A

External organ that enables most aquatic animals to take dissolved oxygen from the water

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2
Q

Lungs

A

A pair of organs in the body that supplies the body with oxygen

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3
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

Type of reproduction in which the sperm is delivered by insemination within the body of the female

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4
Q

External Fertilization

A

Type of reproduction in which the sperm of the male fertilizes the egg outside the female’s body
Usually requires body of water

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5
Q

Symbiosis

A

Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

Influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
EX: Plants and pollinators

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7
Q

Morphological Stasis

A

A phenomenon that has to do with the absence or little morphological change over a long period of time
EX: Horseshoe crab

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8
Q

Squat vs stalked body forms

A

Squat:
Adv - more protection
Dis - less mobility, less access to food, more crowding
Stalk:
Adv - less space, more accessibility
Dis - more vulnerable, breakage

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9
Q

Mantle

A

The organ that forms the shell and adds to the shell size and strength through secretion

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10
Q

Foot

A

Musculature used to locomotion
MODIF: Specialized foot in Bivalves used in digging, grasping, or creeping; Cephalopod foot is arms/tentacles

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11
Q

Radula

A

The organ for mechanical food processing in mouth
BIVALVES HAVE NO RADULA

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12
Q

Shell

A

Large hard covering that encloses soft body parts
MODIF: Chiton have shell plates; Gastropod have torsion
some mollusca lost shell like sea slug and cephalopod

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13
Q

Torsion

A

A process which the mantle, mantle cavity, and visceral mass are rotated 180 placing the anus above the mouth in Gastropods

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14
Q

Blastula

A

The hollow ball of cells formed from the zygote dividing mitotically

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15
Q

Gastrula

A

Two-layered stage through the movement of cells and folding of layers of the blastula

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16
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outer layers of the gastrula

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17
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layers of the gastrula

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18
Q

Mesoderm

A

Third tissue layer (triploblastic) which forms in two ways
Source of most organs and systems in body

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19
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening into sac-like cavity (becomes gut) that either becomes mouth or anus

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20
Q

Complete gut

A

One-way gut that has two openings and food moves in same direction
EX: Ctenophora, Bilateria

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21
Q

Incomplete gut

A

Two-way gut that only has one opening (sac-like) that is the mouth
EX: Cnidarians

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22
Q

Acoelomate

A

Animals that have no internal, fluid filled body cavity separating body wall from digestive tract

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23
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Animals that have a pseudocoelom which is not completely lined by mesoderm

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24
Q

Coelomate

A

Animals that have a coelom that is completely lined by mesoderm

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25
Q

Radial

A

Many planes of symmetry
EX: Cnidaria

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26
Q

Pentaradial

A

5-part symmetry
EX: Echinodermata

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27
Q

Bilateral

A

One plane of symmetry
Associated with segmentation and increased sensory and locomotor ability
EX: Chordata, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda

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28
Q

Asymmetrical

A

No planes of symmetry
EX: Porifera, Ctenophora

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29
Q

Spicules

A

Strucutral component of sponges

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30
Q

Trocophore Larvae

A

A type of marine plantonic larva present in the clade Lophotrochozoa

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31
Q

Choanocytes (collar cells)

A

Special flagellates cells move the water and capture food in sponges

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32
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Specialized stinging cells within the phylum Cnidaria

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33
Q

Nematocysts

A

Specialized cell in the tentacles of jellyfish containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected

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34
Q

Polyp

A

Anenome body form of a Cnidarian

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35
Q

Medusa

A

Jelly body form of a Cnidarian
not present in most anthozoa

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36
Q

Ctenidia

A

The gill of a mollusk consisting typically of a respiratory structure

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37
Q

Setae

A

Brustles on body of annedlida that are for movement

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38
Q

Clitellum

A

A raised band encircling the body of Annelida made up of reproductive segments

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39
Q

Segmentation

A

Division of some animal and plant body plans into repetitive segments

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40
Q

Cephalization

A

The presence of a concentration of nerve and sensory structures at one end of the body

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41
Q

Tagmata

A

Fusion of segments into specialized body regions

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42
Q

Chelicerae

A

A pair of appendages in the mouth of arthropods
(Pincers)

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43
Q

Ecdysis

A

Moulting of the cuticle of the exoskeleton

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44
Q

Tube feet

A

Echinoderms use for water vascular system and movement

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45
Q

Water vascular system

A

Echinoderms use for locomotion and feeding
(Utilizes the movement of water)

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46
Q

Notochord

A

Embryonic midline structure common to all chordata
Provides mechanical purpose
Supports dorsal (rigid yet flexible)

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47
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Function in respiration and feeding: water comes in mouth leaves through slits
NOT A SYNAPOMORHY OF CHORDATA IN OTHER DEUTEROSTOMES

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48
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Derives from ectoderm that rolls into the tube during development
Develops into central nervous system

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49
Q

Post-anal tail

A

Posterior elongation of the body extending beyond anus
Contains skeletal elements and muscles
Purpose of propulsion and locomotion

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50
Q

Porifera

A

Asymmetrical and No gut
Aquiferous System
No tissues or organs
Spicules
EX: Glass sponge, demosponge, or calcareous sponge

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51
Q

Ctenophora

A

Radial and Complete gut
Diploblast development
Nerve net and simple musculature
Zooplankton and cannibal feeders

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52
Q

Cnidaria

A

Radial symmetry and Incomplete gut
Muscle cells, nerve net, and simple sensory structures
Alt Medusa and Polyp form
Diploblastic with mesoglea between layers
Cnidocytes (Nematocytes use hydrostatic pressure)
Planula Larva
Carnivores (Extracellular and intracellular digestion)
EX: Sea anemone, Coral, Jellyfishes, Hydroids

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53
Q

Arthropoda

A

Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut
Exoskeleton and Segmentation
Protosome/Ecdysozoa/Bilateria
EX: Insect, crustaceans

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54
Q

Annelida

A

Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut
Paired Setae and segmentation
Hydrostatic skeleton
Closed circulatory system and cutaneous respiration
Head and terminal part pre and post segmentation
Protosomes/Lophotrochozoa/Bilateria
EX: Earthworm

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55
Q

Mollusca

A

Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut
Mantle and Visceral body mass and Foot
Radula evolved in this group
Reduced coelom
Open circulatory system with 3 chamber heart
Lophotrochozoa/Protosomes/Bilateria
EX: Snails, Clams, Squid

56
Q

Chordata

A

Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut
Post-anal tail, Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, segmentation
Deuterostome/Bilateria
EX: Dogs, frogs, fish, bird

57
Q

Echinodermata

A

Pentaradial symmetry and Complete gut
Calcite exoskeleton, water vascular system, and tube feet
Diffuse nervous system
Deuterstome/Bilateria
EX: Sea star, Brittlestar, Sea urchin

58
Q

Suspension-Feeding

A

Aquatic animals collect suspended particles from the water around them

59
Q

Filter Feeding

A

Food is separated from water by passage through specialized structures
EX: Sponge, Tunicate, Clam

60
Q

Deposit Feeding

A

Terrestrial and aquatic animals that extract food from sediments or detritus by selectively removing digestible particles from soil or water column
EX: Earthworm, sea cucumber

61
Q

Suction Feeding

A

Aquatic animals bring food into the mouth along with the water surrounding it

62
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

Small food items taken into individual cells and digested
EX: Sea sponges

63
Q

Extracellular Digestion

A

Breaking down larger food items requires an internal cavity

64
Q

Deuterostome

A

Blastopore develops into the anus
Mesoderm and coelom form near the outpocket of the gut wall
EX: Echinodermata, Chordata

65
Q

Protostome

A

Blastopore develops into the mouth
Mesoderm form near the lip of the blastopore
Coelom forms by a split o the mesoderm
EX: Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda

66
Q

Bilateria Features

A

Triploblastic
Bilateral
Anterior/posterior axis
Cephalization

67
Q

Cleavage

A

Early stage of cell division after zygote formation

68
Q

Radial Cleavage

A

Cell divide parallel to 90 degrees to animal-vegetal acis (LMCA)

69
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

Cell divide oblique angle to axis and new cells in furrow
(ONLY Lophotrochozoan)

70
Q

Triploblastic Development

A

Formation of complete gut and body cavity (coelom)
3 germ cell layers

71
Q

Flatworm

A

Includes free-living flatworm, flukes, and tapeworm
FLUKES: multiple hosts and parasite-induced behavior modifications
Protostome

72
Q

Nematodes

A

Medical and agricultural applications
Protostome

73
Q

Coelom

A

Fluid filled body cavity formed in triploblastic via mesoderm
Important to hydrostatic skeleton

74
Q

Anthozoa

A

Sea anemone and corals
Lg and diverse group of Cnidarians
No medusa stage and solitary/colonial
CORALS: sesslile with calcareous exoskeleton
Sea anemone symbiosis

75
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Colonial hydroids form large polymorphic floating coloines where hydra come from
Clade of Cnidarians

76
Q

Scyphozoa

A

Sea jellies (“jellyfish”)
Extensive mesoglea
Clade of Cnidarians

77
Q

Cubozoa

A

Cube or box jelly
Extremely dangerous and toxic stings
Have eye-like structures
Small clade of Cnidarians

78
Q

Diploblastic

A

Two germ cell layers present: ectoderm and endoderm
EX: Ctenophores and Cnidarians
unless cnidarian which have mesoglea

79
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Small group of unicellular/colonial aquatic protists
Collar cells
Single flagellum for locomotion and feeding

80
Q

Collar cell

A

Ovoid in shae with collar of microvilli (tentacles)

81
Q

Features of Metazoa

A

Multicellular
Diplontic Life Cycle
Distinctive mate gametes
Heterotrophs
Food ingested
Collagen and proteoglycans in extracellular matrix

82
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of cell layers by invagination of blastula to form gastrula

83
Q

Aquiferous System

A

Branched water canal and pore (ostia) system that allowed sponges to filter feed

84
Q

Sponge Sexual Reproduction

A

Monoecious but not self-fertilizing
1. Produces male and female gametes different times
2. Sperm released into water to nearby sponges
3. Embryo retained on parent for period of time then released as swimming larvae to settle and develop

85
Q

Why do sponges experience limited predation?

A
  1. not many predators
  2. biochemical warfare
  3. produce antimicrobial agents prevent infections
  4. spicule structures
  5. biotoxins
86
Q

Sponge Symbiosis

A

Mutualism: Cyanobacteria/algae line in sponge and exchange nutrient
Commensalism: Animal inhabit sponge (fat shrimp)

87
Q

Chitons

A

Polyplacophora clade in Mollusca
Dorsoventrally flattened
Multiple shell plates and gills

88
Q

Bivalves

A

Clade in Mollusca
Paired shells hinged dorsally
Sedentary filter feeders
No radula
EX: Mussel, clam, scallop, oyster

89
Q

Gastrpod

A

Clade in Mollusca
Univalve coiled shell with torsion
Mostly herbivores
EX: Snail, limpet, and slugs

90
Q

Nudibranch

A

Marine Gastropod (Mollusca)
No shell and very colorful (toxic)
Cerata on back elongated protrusions
Feed sea anemone and hydroids
Ingest nematocysts and expropriate them for defense mechanism

91
Q

Cephalopod

A

Clade in Mollusca
Only marine
Predators
Food modifications include tentacle and siphon
Locomotion et propulsion
Cephalopod eye convergent with vertebrates’ eye
EX: Squid, nautiluses, octopuses

92
Q

Annelid Reproduction

A

Polychaetes - diocieous with external fertilization and a trocophore larval stage
Others - monoecious with internal fertilization and direct development
ASEXUAL: Regeneration from body fragment

93
Q

Polychaeta

A

Clade of Annelida
Well developed head with tentacles and sensory structures
Well developed parapodia and setae
Diverse feeding habits
EX: Sandworm, tube worm, and clam worm

94
Q

Beard Worms

A

Gutless worms
Hydrothermal vents
Chemotrophs
Live in chitinous tubes

95
Q

Clitellata

A

Clade of Annelida that includes oligochaetes and leeches
Freshwater and terrestrial
No parapodia and tentacles
Clitellum

96
Q

Oligochaetes

A

Deposit feeders
Cross-fertilizating hermaphrodites
Egg and sperm in protective cocoon secreted by clitellum
EX: Earthworms

97
Q

Leeches

A

Predators and blood sucking ectoparasites
Lack setae
Anterior/posterior suckers

98
Q

Trilobites

A

Extinct group of marine arthropods
Abundant and diverse 250-500 mya
Bottom dweller, Scavenger

99
Q

Chelicerata

A

Clade of Arthropoda
2 body tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen
4 pair legs
Predators and Parasites
Appendages: Chelicerae and pedipalps
EX: Horseshoe crab and Sea “Spider”

100
Q

Myriapoda

A

Clade of Arthropoda
2 tagmata: Head and trunk
Numerous segments with 1 or 2 pair of leg per segment
Centipede: Carniverous w/ fang
Millipede: Scavengers
EX: Centipede and Millipede

101
Q

Crustacean

A

3 body tagmata: Abdomen, head, thorax
Appendages for sensing, locomotion, and respiration
Dorsal carapace
Diverse feeding habits
EX: Crab, lobster, shrimp

102
Q

Decapoda

A

Subcategory withing Crustacean including crab, crayfish, lobster, prawn, shrimp, barnacle, krill, sowbug

103
Q

Hexapods

A

3 tagmata
1 pair of antennae
3 pairs of legs on thorax
Respiration by trachea
Mandibles (many modifications)
Winglessness ancestral trait
EX: Beetle, butterfly, dragonfly

104
Q

Hemimetabolous metamorphosis

A

Incomplete metamorphosis
3 stages: egg -> nymph -> adult

105
Q

Holometabolous metamorphosis

A

Complete metamorphosis
4 stages: egg -> larvae -> pupa -> adult

106
Q

Social Insects

A

Eusocial insects in colonies with division of labor
Ecologically dominant
EX: Ants, bees, termites

107
Q

Echinodermata Reproduction

A

Mostly dioecious with external fertilization
ASEXUAL: Regeneration of body fragment

108
Q

Sea Lilies, Feather stars

A

Flower shaped body with oral surface up
Sea lilies attached to a stalk and Feather stars more mobile

109
Q

Sea Star

A

Common, largely predatory
EX: Crown of thorns starfish coral predator

110
Q

Brittle Star

A

Incomplete Gut
Long slender arms (may be multibranched)
Locomotion by arm movement
Abundant but secretive

111
Q

Sea Urchin

A

No arms, but long spines
Ossicles (skeletal plate) fit together into a test
Omnivores, grazers of algae

112
Q

Sea Cucumber

A

Soft bodied and slug-like
Greatly elongated oral/aboral axis
Grazers, suspension feeders
Expel part of their gut as anti-predator defense

113
Q

Groups of Chordates

A

Lancelets, tunicate, vertebrate

114
Q

What are the important features of chordates?

A

Internal skeleton with vertebrae
Jaws
2 pair walking limb

115
Q

Lancelets

A

Clade of Chordata
Small filter-feeding marine animals
Chordate features present in adults
Segmented body muscles
MRCA appearance

116
Q

Tunicates

A

Clade of Chordata
Sea squirts and relatives
Bag-like with enlarged perforated pharynx for filter feeding
Larvae show chordate characteristics

117
Q

What is the trends of vertebrate evolution?

A

Increased cephalization
Increased agility movement
New feeding modes (ex: predation)
“Physiological Upgrading”
Colonization of a wider variety of environments

118
Q

Jawless fishes

A

Hagfish and Lamprey

119
Q

Hagfish

A

Scavengers on dead animal carcass
No bone, jaw, vertebrae
Tonge with rasping teeth
Tie themselves in knot for leverage
Slime producers

120
Q

Lamprey

A

Bloodsucking parasite fish
No bone, no jaw
Sucker like mouth with rasping teeth
Muddwelling filter feeder
Marine and freshwater

121
Q

Ostracoderms

A

Extinct
Heavily armored (bony), jawless “fish”
Filter feeder
Silurian and Devonian period (~400 mya)

122
Q

Placoderm

A

Extinct
Armor-plated predator with jaw and teethlike structure
1st jaw vertebrate
Silurian and Devonian period (~400 mya)

123
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

Cartiliaginous fish
Skeleton flexible cartilage (bone lost)
Pedators, some scavengers
Powerful jaw, good swimmer
EXTINCT MEGALODON
EX: Sharks, rays, skate

124
Q

Ray Finned Fish

A

Largest clade bony fish
Diverse feeding habits
Swim Bladder evolved
EX: Cichlid fish, coral reef fish

125
Q

How does feeding in fish work?

A

Efficient unidirectional flow into mouth and out through pharyngeal slit

126
Q

Lobed Finned Fish

A

Pectoral and pelvic fins modified as robust structures born on a lobe-like stalk
EX: Lungfishes and coelacanth

127
Q

Colonization of land

A

Modified of lobed fins to limbs
Use of lungs (modified swim bladder)

128
Q

Amphibians

A

Require most environments
Lose water rapidly through skin
Early stages of development require water

129
Q

What are the 3 clades of amphibians?

A

Caecilians - limbless
Frogs and Toads - tailless
Salamanders - tailes

130
Q

Amniote

A

Reptiles and Mammals
Impermeable skin
Efficient kidneys
Amniote egg - resist desiccation

131
Q

What are the clades of reptiles?

A

Lepidosaurs, turtles, crocodiles, and birds

132
Q

What are the clades of mammals?

A

Prototherians, eutherians, and marsupials

133
Q

Prototherians

A

Echiana, duckbilled platypus
egg-laying

134
Q

Marsupials

A

Pouched mammals
EX: kangaroo

135
Q

Eutherians

A

“Placental” mammal (well-developed)

BIS 2C (6 decks)

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