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Psychopathology > Psychosis > Flashcards

Psychosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main types of symptoms related to schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

A

Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Disorganized symptoms

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2
Q

Presence of psychotic symptoms

A

Positive symptoms

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3
Q

Between 50-70% of people with schizophrenia experience —, —, or —

A

Hallucinations, delusions, or both

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4
Q

Delusions are deemed —- if they are clearly implausible, not understandable, and not derived from ordinary life experiences

A

bizarre

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5
Q

Delusions involving someone/something/a group being “out to get you”

A

Persecutory delusions

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6
Q

Belief in extreme positive qualities assigned to the self; often religion-based

A

Delusions of grandeur

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7
Q

Connections being made between references that aren’t grounded in reality

A

Delusions of reference

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8
Q

“Invasion of the brain,” thoughts coming from elsewhere

A

Delusions of thought insertion

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9
Q

The belief something is wrong with your body in the absence of evidence

A

Somatic delusions

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10
Q

Belief that someone, not associated with you (often celebrities or people with power), are in love with with you

A

Erotomanic delusions

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11
Q

Belief that you or some part of you is dead

A

Cotard’s delusion

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12
Q

Belief that you or someone you love have been “swapped” with an identical double

A

Capgras syndrome

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13
Q

What type of hallucination is most common?

A

Auditory

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14
Q

What’s the difference between an intrusive thought and an auditory hallucination?

A

Intrusive thoughts come from the self; an auditory hallucination comes from “someone else”

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15
Q

What are the four types of hallucinations?

A

Auditory hallucinations are the most common

Tactile hallucinations

Scent-based hallucinations

Visual hallucination

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16
Q

Hallucinations that happen as you fall asleep

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations

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17
Q

Delusions that happen as you are waking up

A

Hympnopomic hallucinations

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18
Q

Absence or insufficiency of normal behaviour

A

Negative symptoms

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19
Q

What are five common negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia?

A

Avolition/apathy
Alogia
Anhedonia
Asociality
Affective flattening

20
Q

What are the three common disorganized symtoms associated with schizophrenia?

A

Disorganized speech
Disorganized movement
Inappropriate affect

21
Q

What are four characteristics of disorganized speech associated with schizophrenia?

A

Thinking process is difficult to follow

Topics are loosely connected

Circumstantial: an inability to differentiate the essential from the unessential when speaking

Tangential thinking: going on various unrelated tangents unrelated to the topic at hand

22
Q

No psychomotor activity; not actively relating to environment

A

Stupor

23
Q

Repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements

A

Stereotypy

24
Q

Limbs will stay wherever they are moved

A

Catalepsy

25
Q

Describe the DSM-5 criteria (A-F, summarized) for schizophrenia

A

A. Presence of psychotic symptoms
B. Lower levels of functioning
C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months.
D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out
E. Not substance-related
F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations are also present for at least 1 month

26
Q

Lifetime rate worldwide for schizophrenia is approximately – of the population

A

1%

27
Q

What is the relationship between schizophrenia and life expectancy?

A

About 10 years lower on average, high suicide rate

28
Q

What are the three phases of psychosis?

A
  1. Prodrome
  2. Acute psychotic episode
  3. Recovery
29
Q

Which four factors differentiate between disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum?

A

Symptom type and severity
Symptom duration
Cause of symptoms
Co-morbidity with other disorders

30
Q

What is the essential feature of schizotypal personality disorder?

A

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior

31
Q

Summarize the criteria (A-C) for Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

A. Presence of psychotic symptoms
B. Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning.
C. Not better explained by another condition, substance, or diagnosis

32
Q

Describe criteria (A-D) for schizophreniform disorder

A

A. Presence of psychotic symptoms
B. An episode of the disorder lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months.
C. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.

33
Q

Describe criteria (A-D) for delusional disorder

A

A. The presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer.
Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met.
B. Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd.
C. If manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

34
Q

What are the 7 types of delusional disorders?

A

Erotomanic
Grandiose
Jealous
Persecutory
Somatic
Mixed
Unspecified

35
Q

Describe the crietria (A-C) for Substance/Medication-induced Psychotic Disorder

A

A. Presence of delusions or Hallucinations.

B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of both 1) The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication 2) The involved substance/medication is capable of producing the symptoms in Criterion A.

C. The disturbance is not better explained by another psychotic disorder

36
Q

Describe the criteria (A-C) for Psychotic Disorder due to Another Medical Condition

A

A. Presence of delusions or hallucinations.
B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.
C. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.

37
Q

Describe the criteria (A-D) for schizoaffective disorder

A

A. An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode (major depressive or manic) concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia.
B. Delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode (depressive or manic) during the lifetime duration of the illness.
C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.

38
Q

Which four speculative hypotheses for the causes of psychosis were discussed?

A

Cat poop (toxoplasma gondii)

Fingerprint ridges

Eye-tracking differences

Living in cities

39
Q

What are the four key risk factors for developing schizophrenia?

A

Genes (family history)
Dopamine disregulation
Stress
Lack of social support

40
Q

You are most likely to develop schizophrenia if…

A

You have a monozygotic twin who has schizophrenia

41
Q

Describe the evidence for dopamine’s role in psychosis

A

Most anti-psychotic medications work by blocking dopamine in the brain

The negative side effects of anti-psychotic drugs are similar to Parkinson’s (which is caused by insufficient dopamine)

Drugs that treat Parkinson’s increase dopamine levels, which can cause psychosis

Amphetamines (e.g. crystal meth) and related drugs that work on dopamine (e.g. cannabis, cocaine) can lead to psychosis

42
Q

Describe the evidence for dopamine’s role in psychosis

A

Many people with schizophrenia do not benefit from anti-psychotic medications that influence dopamine

Anti-psychotic medications block dopamine quickly, but changes in symptoms are not seen for days or weeks

Anti-psychotic medications are only somewhat helpful for negative symptoms

Clozapine is an extremely effective medication for schizophrenia, but only acts weakly on dopamine

43
Q

Before the 1980s, what was the most common treatment for schizophrenia?

A

Psychoanalytic treatments

44
Q

What are the frontline treatments for psychosis?

A

Medications

45
Q

What are the most commonly prescribed anti-psychotic medications?

A

Second-generation anti-psychotics

Psychopathology (13 decks)

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