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Gastrointestinal (farm) > Toxicology (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Toxicology (Yr 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the common mineral/inorganic poisonings?

A

lead
copper
selenium

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2
Q

what animals is acute lead poisoning usually seen in?

A

young calves (nosey and low dose needed)

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3
Q

what are the clinical signs of acute lead poisoning?

A

found dead or very sudden neurological signs (tremors, twitching, salivation, eye rolling, blindness, convulsions, opisthotonos, pupillary dilation)

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4
Q

what animals is subacute lead poisoning usually seen in?

A

adult cattle/sheep

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of subacute lead poisoning?

A

neurological signs (dullness, anorexia, blindness, incoordination, staggering, circling, tremors, luminal atony)

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6
Q

what animals is chronic lead poisoning usually seen in?

A

lambs (access to soil high in lead)

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7
Q

what are the common clinical signs of chronic lead poisoning in lambs?

A

ill thrift with gait abnormalities
lameness and paralysis (fractures)
(abortions/poor fertility)
nephrosis is common

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8
Q

how can lead poisoning be diagnosed?

A

clinical signs
heparin levels in blood (>0.48um/L)
kidney/liver biopsy (kidney is gold standard)
milk/hair samples

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9
Q

what can be done to treat lead poisoning?

A

supportive therapy and rumenotomy
(can try chelation therapy or thiamine hydrochloride)

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10
Q

what should happen to the produce from animal that have lead poisoning?

A

16 week voluntary withdrawal
or test until parameters of heparin are at an acceptable level

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11
Q

what species is copper poisoning usually seen in?

A

sheep

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12
Q

when do we tend to see copper poisoning in cattle?

A

if they are grazed on pasture fertilised with pig manure or have access to pig feed

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13
Q

what are the clinical signs of copper poisoning?

A

sudden onset, depressed, anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinura, ataxia, recumbency

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14
Q

what are the classic clinical finding on post mortem of a sheep with copper poisoning?

A

pale/jaundiced
pale/bronzed coloured liver
dark red/grey kidneys
dark red/black urine

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15
Q

what is done to treat copper poisoning?

A

supportive
copper antagonists (molybdenum/sulphur) - care with inducing a deficiency

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16
Q

what causes selenium poisoning?

A

excessive supplementation (some worming products contain this)

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of selenium poisoning?

A

staggering gait, dyspnoea, tympany, colic, diarrhoea, cyanosis, death
(toxic damage to CV, respiratory and urinary system)

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18
Q

what are the classic post mortem findings of selenium poisoning?

A

subcutaneous haemorrhages
straw coloured fluid in pericardium
severe pulmonary oedema
abomasitis
intestinal/hepatic congestion
brain stem haemorrhage

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19
Q

how can selenium poisoning be treated?

A

supportive (no real treatment - entire not to over supplement)

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20
Q

what is the main species we see anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in?

A

pigs (from eating poison or poisoned rats)

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21
Q

what are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

anaemia, haemorrhages, weakness, non-pyrexic

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22
Q

what are the public health implications for anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

residues often remain in animals for a long time so these animals can’t enter the food chain

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23
Q

what is the pathogenesis of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

excessive intake either cause a build up of nitrite which is then absorbed into the blood (normal levels will just be converted to ammonia and then bacterial proteins)
nitrite then converts haemoglobin to methemoglobin which cannot transport oxygen

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24
Q

what are the clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

(due to lack of oxygen) anoxia, cyanosis, tachypnoea, weak/rapid pulse

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25
Q

how can nitrate/nitrite poisoning be diagnosed?

A

chocolate-brown discolouration of blood

26
Q

how can nitrate/nitrite poisoning be treated?

A

methylene blue IV (if early)

27
Q

what plants contain high amounts of nitrate/nitrite? (could cause poisoning)

A

docks, sorrels, fat hen

28
Q

what is botulism outbreaks associated with?

A

using broiler litter as fertiliser (ingestion of rotten carcasses with types C and D)

29
Q

what are the clinical signs of botulism?

A

sudden death
recumbency, flaccid paralysis, ataxia

30
Q

how can botulism be diagnosed?

A

PME - botulism toxin test

31
Q

what produce mycotoxins?

A

fungi

32
Q

why is diagnosing mycotoxins difficult?

A

there are so many different types so not diagnostic tests for all of them

33
Q

what are some control measures that can be taken to reduce chances of mycotoxin formation?

A

correct drying of grains
prevent silage being exposed to oxygen
keep straw dry
avoid feed or bedding with mould/spoilage

34
Q

what produces aflatoxins?

A

Aspergillus fungi (common with delayed drying or insect/rodent infection)

35
Q

what are the clinical signs of aflatoxins?

A

decreased yields and intakes
primarily hepatic disease

36
Q

what produces deoxynivalenol mycotoxin?

A

fusarium fungi

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin?

A

decreased yield and intakes
diarrhoea
immune suppression

38
Q

what produces zearalenone mycotoxin?

A

fusarium fungi

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of zearalenone mycotoxin?

A

signs of hyperoestrogenism (vulval swelling, mammary development)
nymphomania

40
Q

what causes ryegrass staggers?

A

ingestion of lolittrem (mycotoxin) produced on perennial ryegrass

41
Q

what are the clinical signs of ryegrass staggers?

A

neurological signs 1-2 weeks after introduction to toxin pasture (tremors, head nodding, altered stance, collapse)

42
Q

what causes ergotism?

A

ingestion of ergot alkaloids (mycotoxin) produced by a fungus on rye and other small grain crops

43
Q

what are the clinical signs of ergotism?

A

capillary damage (very painful)
inflammation, numbness, gangrenous lesions of lower limbs, ears and tail

44
Q

what is the aetiology of ragwort poisoning?

A

ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (hepatotoxins) over a prolonged time period (acute cases are rare)

45
Q

what are the clinical signs of ragwort poisoning?

A

weight loss, oedema, straining diarrhoea, photosensitisation

46
Q

what is the toxin in ragwort?

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloids

47
Q

why are brassica crops (rape/kale…) considered toxic?

A

contain substances such as nitrates/nitrites, goitrogens, oxalates and S-methylcysteine sulfoxide

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of brassica crop poisoning?

A

nitrate/nitrite - poor oxygen perfusion
hypothyroidism, goitre, hypocalcaemia
haemolysis, anaemia, pallor, jaundice

49
Q

what is the most common substance that causes poisoning that is found in brassicas?

A

S-methylcysteine sulfoxide (SMCO) - jaundice, pallor, tachycardia

50
Q

what are some common feed associated plants that can cause poisonings?

A

brassicas (kale, turnips…)
clovers (nitrates, oestrogens…)
linseed (cyanogenic glycosides)
potatoes

51
Q

what is a common presentation of clover poisoning?

A

frothy bloat (also photosensitisation, infertility, laminitis)

52
Q

what plants can cause photosensitisation?

A

St Johns wort and ragwort

53
Q

what is the classic clinical sign of rhododendron poisoning?

A

projectile vomiting

54
Q

what is the aetiology of why rhododendrons are poisonous?

A

contain grayantoxins which bind to sodium channels in excitable cells stimulating skeletal and cardiac muscles

55
Q

what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning?

A

abdominal pain, vomiting, tremors, staggering, recumbency, paddling, death

56
Q

what are the clinical signs of oak poisoning?

A

GI (colic, anorexia, weight loss, constipation then black tarry faeces)

57
Q

what is found on post mortem of oak poisonings?

A

GI ulceration, haemorrhage, nephritis, liver degeneration

58
Q

what are the toxins found in bracken?

A

cyanogenic glycoside
thiaminases

59
Q

what are the clinical signs of bracken poisoning?

A

enzootic haematuria (cattle) - depression, anorexia, haemorrhagic syndrome
thiamine deficiency (pigs) - heart enlargement
bright blindness (sheep) - retinal degeneration

60
Q

what is the clinical sign of yew poisoning?

A

sudden death

61
Q

what are the clinical signs of hemlock poisoning?

A

sudden death

62
Q
A

Gastrointestinal (farm) (10 decks)

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