Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Britain > Industrialisation and Protest > Flashcards

Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards

1
Q

What was the main basis that facilitated the Industrial Revolution

A

Technological advancements and British huge growing empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When was the BofE established

A

1694

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many banks in the country by 1784 excluding London

A

119

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many banks in the country by 1808

A

800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who were the first bankers and how did this system work

A

The goldsmiths in London would accept peoples gold and store it into gold bars, they would exchange receipts for gold which began paper money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did goldsmiths and paper receipts help industrialisation

A

financial transactions became safer and easier, so business startups could access funds much more easily, also provided an easy way to pay workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why was goldsmith banking safe

A

Money could be simply moved from one account in the goldsmith to another account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When were county banks permitted bank note use

A

1797

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What limited growth of banking

A

Bank of England charter denied use of banknotes for banks with over 6 members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

joint stock bank

A

Bank owned by several people each with shares in the capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was the cap on joint stock banks lifted

A

1826

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why were joint stock banks so good

A

More stable so investors were more confident and would put ore money into the bank, they could manage larger sums of money needed for big industrial projects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the first joint stock bank

A

Lancashire Banking Company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 1833 act helped banking further

A

Allowed joint stock banks in London to issue checks which increased the speed of financial transactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many joint stock banks and branches were there in 1866

A

154 joint stock banks with 850 branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How was Banking significant in growing the economy

A
  • source of capital that allowed men to start businesses
  • provided finance to buy new machinery and technology for factories
  • Allowed landed aristocracy to invest in many new developments like railways and docks or buy their own mills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the imports of cotton in 1761 compared to 1833

A

1761 - 3 million lbs
1833 - 300 million lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many people did the cotton industry employ by 1833

A

833,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two inventions allowed the cotton and textile industry to grow so big

A

Richard Arkwrights water frame
Samuel Crompton’s spinning mule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when was the spinning mule invented

A

1779

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when was the water frame invented

A

1769

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Earl of Lonsdale do in 1839

A

He established Whitehaven harbour in Cumberland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why was the agrarian revolution important

A

More efficient farming due to machinery meant there was a greater supply of food and lower costs, so even the poorest could afford sustainable diet so they could work and population growth could be supported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How did mechanisation in agriculture indadvertedly help industrialisation

A

less labour was required for farming which pushed more people into urban jobs in factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When was the seed drill invented

A

1701

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How did Britain already have trade networks

A

Ready made trade routes from the early empire and east India company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How did Britains ready trade routes help industrialisation

A

Britain already had extensive trade routes so could access worldwide markets for all their new products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What was the British ideology at the time and how did this help with industrialisation

A

Protestantism was focused on peace and a hard working ethic which helped Britain to create a productive workforce and economic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who created the steam engine

A

Thomas Newcomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How did industrialisation cause the creation of a middle class

A

alternative non landowning means for progressing in society as men could develop industry and own factories to earn money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what was the size of the middle class in 1816

A

160,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what was the size of the middle class in 1831

A

214,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What principle did the middle class follow

A

Free Trade that everything they did main focus was profit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How was Richard Arkwright a perfect example of the middle class

A

He was born the son of a modest tailor and couldn’t afford to go to school but died in 1792 with a £500,000 personal fortune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why did the emergence of a middle class help the working class

A

They provided factory which allowed people to earn living wage which a proper job and grew many urban centres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why did the emergence of a middle class hinder the working class

A

established a master and workers dynamic in the workplace and in society which set the grounds for the social unrest among the working class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why was Lancashire favourable for cotton

A

Its climate was well suited as it stopped the cotton thread from splitting, it was also located very close to Liverpool so raw cotton could be imported from USA and textile products could then be exported from Liverpool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What was the divide in industry in Britain

A

The north became very focused on manufacturing and industry but the south remained agriculutural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What industry was in north east

A

Mining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What industry was in the north west

A

textiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what industry was in the midlands

A

engineering and car manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In 1750s how many cities had over 50,000 people

A

2 London and Edinburgh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In 1851 how many cities had over 50,000 people

A

29 cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What caused Britains mass urban migration

A

prospect of employment in factories where the poorest people could earn a living wage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What 3 ways was infrastructure developed to help the country become more linked

A

Canal, Roads, Railways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What was the low cost form of housing provided for the growing industrial urban population

A

Back to Back housing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What was Manchesters population by 1831

A

182,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What was the governments approach in the period

A

Laissez Faire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Laissez faire

A

Minimal involvement from the governments with the economic preceedings in Britain inspired by Adam Smith free trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How did the laissez faire approach help industrialisation

A

Allowed industrialisation to grow freely without any constraints or regulations allowing extreme profits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Combinations Acts 1799 and 1800

A

Stopped the formation of trade unions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Master and servant act when and what

A

1823 made failure to fulfil a work contract a crime punishable by imprisonment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What two acts did the government introduce that kept Britain growing economically at the expense of human welfare

A

Combinations Acts and Master and Servant Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Why did the Government want to nationalise water utilities in the mid 1800s

A

It was ran by private companies who didn’t run a consistent service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Was the rail network private or public

A

private

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What was the first rail line conceived in 1820s

A

Stockton and Dartington

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How did the Governments maintain control over railways even when it was private

A

They controlled which companies could be incorporated and the lands that could be sold to the companies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Railway regulation act when and what

A

1844 strengthened state power over the railways and gave them the option to nationalise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What three economic acts by the government reinforced the idea that the government wanted to allow free trade to dictate the pace of Britains growth

A
  • 1813 Repeal of the statute of Artificers
  • 1826 Banking Co-partnership Act
  • 1846 Corn Law Repeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Repeal of the statute of Artificers when and what

A

1813 removed the act that had put some regulation on wages and working conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Banking Co-partnership Act when and what

A

1826 repealed the act that put a limit on the number of joint stock banks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Corn Law Repeal when and what

A

1846 removed restrictions on corn imports allowing for free trade

63
Q

Great Exhibition what and when

A

1851 was a display of Britains great industrial goods and inventions

64
Q

Who was the famous socialist who wrote on the awful living conditions in Manchester in 1842

A

friedrech Engles

65
Q

What was the drawback of rapid urban growth

A

created overcrowded terrible living conditions with the lack go government legislation to improve them

66
Q

Why was the air very bad in the back to back housing

A

they had very little natural light as only one wall had windows so all light was oil lamps and candles, aswell as housing being built next to factories for convenience

67
Q

How wide were back to back houses

A

4m

68
Q

What proportion of Birminghams population lived in back to back housing by 1801

A

2/3

69
Q

Why was sanitation so bad in urban areas

A

Speed of urbanisation put strain on water supply and drainage systems as the water companies struggled to adapt to the overcrowding amounts of people

70
Q

Why were the communal toilets a problem

A

Cesspits usually weren’t built well so would leak into water supplies and wouldn’t be emptied enough so would overflow, this would cause a lot of disease which spread easily due to overcrowding

71
Q

Where was the first major cholera outbreak in Britain and how many people died

A

Sunderland 1831 killed 32,000 people

72
Q

Why wasn’t issues on sanitation and disease solved

A

There was no knowledge on bacteria and the causes of disease at the time

73
Q

Why did Urban areas lack communal space

A

densely packed cheap housing left no space for communal and leisure areas and these were seen as an extra unnecessary cost

74
Q

what was the impact of lack of communal space

A

Meant the standard of living in these working class poorer areas was very low, compared to more affluent middle class areas which had more space. This created a class divide and promoted class consciousness and hatred between middle and working

75
Q

cottage industry

A

Work was carried out in each persons home rather than in big communal factories

76
Q

Who began the factory system

A

Richard Arkwright built his cotton mill in 1771 employing 300 people

77
Q

What was the factory owners attitude to business practice

A

Focused solely on profit so maximising output and minimising cost, led to neglect of working conditions and exploitation

78
Q

What was a working week for all industrial workers

A

6 days a week 14 hour days

79
Q

How was extreme discipline imposed on factory workers

A

Fined for lateness or talking to other workers as this was seen as impacting potential profits

80
Q

How were factories unsafe and high injury risks

A

Lack of safety measures and tired workers working around heavy industrial machinery increased risk of accidents.

81
Q

Why did factories have no safety measures

A

They were seen as extra unnecessary costs that didn’t help to increase profits

82
Q

What industry was more unsafe than factories

A

mining due to risk of gas explosions, floods, collapses

83
Q

What was a creation in 1815 that made mining safer

A

Davy Safety Lamp

84
Q

How many tons did coal production increase by between 1770 and 1850

A

59 million

85
Q

What caused discontent among miners

A

They never had a guarantee of work in a contract so never had a fixed stable wage as they worked under then terms of the employer

86
Q

Separate Spheres

A

Idea that women would stay at home and run the household whilst men would go to work

87
Q

Why did working class women work

A

Working class wages were barely enough to afford basic necessities so women would have to work swell

88
Q

Why were women useful to an employer

A

They could be paid half the wage of a man and would do jobs that men refused

89
Q

In 1821 what % of the working population was under the age of 20

A

49%

90
Q

What jobs did children undertake

A

Scavengers in textile factories to reduce wastage, trappers and hurriers in mines

91
Q

Mining Act what and when

A

1842 Stopped women and children under 10 working underground

92
Q

What was the scandal in mines that caused the mining act

A

Women and children working alongside naked men underground, began questions on morality of letting children work underground

93
Q

When and where did the Luddite movement begin

A

1811 in Nottignham

94
Q

What caused the discontent that started the luddite movement

A

Handloom workers adopted aggressive stances on their employers introduction of steam powered looms, eliminating the need for their employment

95
Q

How did the luddites begin their protest

A

they wrote threatening letters to their employers with their demands

96
Q

How many Frames had been destroyed and what was the cost by 1812 in Nottingham

A

1000 Frames costing £6000-£10000

97
Q

What Act was passed to make the luddites actions punishable by death

A

Frame Breaking Act 1812

98
Q

Did the Act stop the Luddites

A

No

99
Q

What was mill owner William Cartwright’s response to the luddites

A

Brought in soldiers to protect the machines which caused a confrontation in which two luddites were killed

100
Q

Who was the anti luddite mill owner who was assassinated by luddites

A

William Horsfall

101
Q

Why did Luddite disturbances decline

A

Execution of William horsfall killers along with 14 others

102
Q

How did the Luddites set a precedent for the coming years

A

They were the first form of violent industrial protest that the government was faced with

103
Q

When and where did the swing riots break out

A

rural south of England in 1830

104
Q

why did the swing riots break out

A

two poor harvests left people very poor aswell as their wages and employment declining due to mechanisation and the threshing machine

105
Q

Why was the Threshing Machine so good

A

It could do the work of 15 men in one day at threshing corn

106
Q

What was the social cause of the swing riots

A

The class divide in rural areas worsened as agricultural workers became the poorest people in the country at the time whilst the richer only became richer from industrialisation

107
Q

What were the methods of the swing riots

A

initially writing threatening letters with demands but then burning hayricks and destroying threshing machines

108
Q

Why did the swing riots scare parliament more

A

They were rural so took place very close to many of the landed Gentrys homes and land.

109
Q

How many people were arrested and executed from the swing riots

A

1976 arrested but only 19 executed

110
Q

Why were punishments more lenient for swing riots

A

punishment was left to local JPs who understood the motivation and also didn’t want to rile up more unrest with harsh punishments

111
Q

Who was the whig MP who in 1825 sought to reduce the working day for children to 11 hours

A

John Hobhouse

112
Q

When was the combinations acts repealed

A

1824

113
Q

When and where did the ten hour movement begin

A

1830 in the Pennines workers organised themselves into short time committees that aimed to use mass meeting and petitions

114
Q

Who were the main organisers of the ten hour movement

A

Richard Oastler - Agricultural estate manager
George Bull - Vicar from Bradford

115
Q

What did Oastler do about his concern with children’s conditions

A

He gave many speeches raising political awareness for the conditions and he wrote a letter to the Leeds mercury comparing it to slavery

116
Q

Who was the Tory peer that was influenced by Oastler and Bull and was the main force in parliament for the movement

A

Lord Ashley

117
Q

Why was the ten hour movement more successful than the violent protest

A

They appealed to the morality of many respected influential individuals who could provide a voice for the need for reform in parliament

118
Q

Why was the class diversity of the factory reform supporters its strength

A

Created a large forceful movement at all levels of society

119
Q

Why was the class diversity of the factory reform supporters its weakness

A

Each class and group had their own subjective views on methods of protest and what they were protesting for so systems broke down

120
Q

What was the main ideas that opposed reform

A
  • Free Trade ideology middle class believed regulations would interfere with profits
  • Governments laissez Faire ideology
  • Famed whig economist Nassau Senior
121
Q

what was Nassau Senior main view

A

Profit was only made in the last hour of the working day once all expenses are accounted for, so factories must be as productive as possible

122
Q

Health and Morals of Apprentice Act what and when

A

1802 made better treatment of apprentices and cleaner workplaces

123
Q

Cotton Mills and Factory Act what and when

A

1819 made it illegal to employ children under 9

124
Q

1831 factory act

A

maximum working day for under 18s at 12hrs

125
Q

Why were the factory reforms prior to 1833 ineffective

A

They weren’t enforced

126
Q

Terms in the 1833 Factory Act

A
  • No child under 9 could be employed
  • Children under 13 received 2 hrs of education a day
  • children between 9 and 13 could only work 8 hour days
127
Q

What was the positive impact of the Factory Act

A
  • commitment to morality of the workplace
  • concern for prospects of future generation
  • Inspection of factories would enforce measures
128
Q

What was the failed Impact of the factory act

A
  • 4 inspectors for 4000 mills so was ineffective
  • Only applied to textile industry
129
Q

What was the most important feature of the 1833 Factory Act

A

wasn’t particularly helpful itself but started the motion of reform beginning progress

130
Q

How did attitudes to industrialisation change from the start of the 1800s to the 30s and 40s

A

Less focus on solely the economic benefits with more focus on the humanitarian issues that came from industrialisation

131
Q

Who came into government after 1841

A

Robert Peel Tory administration

132
Q

Why did Robert Peels government push for reform in the 1840s

A

They wanted reform to reduce the social distress in society as they believed this was negatively impacting economic growth and the moral condition in Britain

133
Q

1844 Factory Act

A

restricted women’s working hours to the same as 13-18 year olds, 12 hour days

134
Q

1847 ten hour act

A

restricted the working day to ten hours for women and children

135
Q

1850 Factory Act

A

regulated the times of day women and children could work

136
Q

1860 Acts

A

Brought other industries than just textile under the same provisions

137
Q

What was Edwin Chadwicks report called and when

A

1842 The sanitary condition of the labouring population of great Britain

138
Q

What did Edwin Chadwicks report conclude

A

The causes and spread of disease was because of the poor sanitary living conditions of the working class

139
Q

Why didn’t the government take action on Chadwicks report

A

Due to laissez faire they didn’t believe it was a government issue but a local town council one

140
Q

Health of Towns association when and what

A

1844 was formed by influential political figures who aimed to lobby and pressure the government for a public health act

141
Q

Who formed the anti-corn law league and when

A

Richard Cobden in 1839

142
Q

Why were the corn laws controversial

A

They protected Landed Aristocracy interests in their own grain businesses but neglected the working class by making bread more expensive

143
Q

When was the public health act and what did it do

A

1848 created a central board of health that would oversee local boards that would be responsible for provision of resources necessary for good sanitation

144
Q

Why was the Public Health Act not effective

A
  • The board had little to no funding
  • Didn’t have authority over previous sanitary corporations
  • local boards weren’t compulsory so weren’t put in a lot of places as people believed it promoted excessive government control
145
Q

What precedent did the public health act set for the future

A

A growing awareness of the role of industrialisation in causing much poor health and the need for good sanitation for peoples lives to improve

146
Q

Why do people argue the extreme wealth the Industrial Revolution generated caused the presence of reform

A

The material benefits brought to the middle and upper class that the working class lacked made them feel benevolence to those less fortunate.

147
Q

Why did burial raise concerns

A

Due to the densely packed and larger amount of people, people were being buried in makeshift shallow graves which caused more disease

148
Q

First Burial Act when and what

A

1852 created a burial board that would oversee and maintain network of cemeteries in London

149
Q

What did the 1854 and 1857 burial acts do

A

extended the first burial act nationwide

150
Q

Sanitary Act what and when

A

1866 and made sanitary inspections with records kept of them compulsory, also made failure to enact quarantine punishanble

151
Q

Why was the sanitary act impactful

A

Actually enforced record keeping and punishments for failure to carry out sanitary requirements

152
Q

What were Robert Owens methods

A
  • sent detailed factory reform proposals in 1815
  • 1816 speech in the House of Commons
  • He wrote many books on reform
153
Q

What did Lord Shaftesbury do

A

He was an MP who was in favour of children’s rights and provided over 100 schools for children and supported the ten hour movement

154
Q

What did Titus Salt do

A

He owned five mills in Bradford which use the Rodda smoke burner which created less pollution, he constructed an industrial community in saltaire 1850 which had good living conditions

A Level Britain (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions