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Pathology and Immunity > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

a new growth - tumour
abnormal mass of tissue
growth is uncoordinated and exceeds that of normal tissues
persists after the removal of stimuli that initiated the change

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2
Q

what is the clinical behaviour of neoplasia

A

benign or malignant

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3
Q

what is histogenesis

A

the tissue of origin of a neoplasm

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4
Q

what are the different tissues of origin for neoplasms

A

epithelial
connective tissue
other tissues

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5
Q

what is the epithalial histogenesis

A

lining or covering or glandular epithelium

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6
Q

describe the growth pattern of benign neoplasms

A

expand like balloons
encapsulated by a fibrous tissue band
localised - does not infiltrate other tissues

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7
Q

why are benign tumours encapsulated

A

the fibrous tissue band contains the cells in one place and this makes for easier surgical removal and prevents them infiltrating other surrounding tissues

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8
Q

describe the growth pattern of malignant neoplasms

A

they grow through invasion and infiltration of surrounding tissues and lack a capsule
they can get through the basement membrane of blood and lymphatic vessels and travel through them to various parts of the body through metastasis

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9
Q

what does metastasis allow for malignant neoplasms

A

allows movement to an area distant from the area of origin

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10
Q

describe the growth rate of benign neoplasms

A

slow, unless they cause distressing symptoms the patients can tolerate large sizes of tumours

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11
Q

describe the growth rate of malignant neoplasms

A

grow rapidly, but the rate of growth can differ from one type of malignancy to another. some are slow growing, some are rapid and aggressive.

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12
Q

describe the histology of benign neoplasms

A

resembles tissue of origin due to high level of differentiation, the cells are uniform in nuclear shape and size
few mitotic figures

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13
Q

describe the histology of malignant neoplasms

A

variable resemblance to the tissue of origin, and there is pleomorphism of cells and their nuclei.
there are many abnormal mitotic figures ie they are dividing into more than just two new cells

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14
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

term used to describe variablility in size, shape and staining of cells and or their nuclei

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15
Q

describe the clinical effects of benign neoplasms

A

can cause a lump or obstruction depending on the site and size
can increase or decrease hormone production
treated through local excision

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16
Q

describe the clinical effects of malignant neoplasms

A

can cause local pressure, infiltration and destruction of tissues and distant metastases
can increase or decrease hormone secretion
local excision and chemotherapy or radiation if metastases is present

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of a tumour if there is pressure from swelling

A

tingling in the hands or ischaemia of the tissue due to pressure on the blood vessels

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18
Q

do benign tumours reoccur

A

very rarely

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19
Q

do malignant tumours reoccur

A

yes

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20
Q

list the effecs of benign tumours

A
  • palpable lump
  • pressure
  • obstruction
  • function - changed hormone secretion
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21
Q

what does treatment of benign tumours depend on

A

site, size and tumour type

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22
Q

what does the effect of benign tumours depend on

A

the site size and tumour size

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23
Q

what is pleomorphic adenoma

A

slowly growing mass that often occurs in the salivary glands, both major and minor
has a fibrous bind surrounding it

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24
Q

what is a malignant tumour that can be seen in the oral cavity

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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25
Q

what is a benign tumour that can be seen in the oral cavity

A

a pleomorphic adenoma

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26
Q

what proportion of oral cancer cases are composed of squamous cell carcinoma

A

95%

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27
Q

what can squamous cell carcinoma do to the mouth

A

can destroy the lamina propria and the salivary glands present nearby can be destroyed as well

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28
Q

what is a papilloma

A

a benign squamous epithelial tumour

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29
Q

what is a squamous cell carcinoma

A

a malignant squamous epithelial tumour

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30
Q

what is an adenoma

A

a benign glandular epithelial tumour like seen in the salivary glands

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31
Q

what is an adenosarcoma

A

a malignant glandular epithelial tumour

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32
Q

describe the structure of squamous cell papillomas

A

made up of finger like processes with keratinised squamous epithelium.
each one of these processes has a connective tissue core in the centre
benign

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33
Q

what is a leiomyoma

A

benign tumour of smooth muscle

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34
Q

what is a fibroma

A

benign tumour of fibrous tissue

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35
Q

what is osteoma

A

benign tumour of bone

36
Q

what is chondroma

A

benign tumour of cartilage

37
Q

what is lipoma

A

benign tumour of fat

38
Q

what is angioma

A

benign tumour of blood vessel

39
Q

what is leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of smooth muscle

40
Q

what is fibrosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of fibrous tissue

41
Q

what is osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of bone

42
Q

what is chondrosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of cartilage

43
Q

what is a liposarcoma

A

malignant tumour of fat

44
Q

what is an angiosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of blood vessel

45
Q

what is lymphoma

A

malignant lymphoid tumour

46
Q

what is leukemia

A

malignant tumour of haemopoietic stem cells

47
Q

what is naevus

A

benign tumour of melanocytes

48
Q

what is melanoma

A

malignant tumour of melanocytes

49
Q

what is a benign teratoma

A

a benign tumour of germ cells

50
Q

what is a malignant teratoma

A

a malignant tumour of germ cells

51
Q

what causes carcinogenesis

A

environmental and genetics

52
Q

what can carcinogens cause

A

benign tumours and malignant tumours

53
Q

what leads to benign tumours from carcinogens

A

inherited factors or viruses

54
Q

what carcinogens cause malignant tumours

A

chemical agents
physical agents
viruses
may affect tissue directly or have an indirect effect on other tissues like in bladder cancer

55
Q

what are some chemical carcinogens

A
  • smoking polycyclic hydrocarbons including tars
  • diet, drugs and alcohol
  • asbestos
56
Q

what are the two stages to chemical carcinogenesis

A

initiation and promotion

57
Q

describe initiation of chemical carcinogenesis

A

permanent DNA damage from mutations

58
Q

describe promotion of chemical carcinogenesis

A

agent promotes proliferation

59
Q

what is the latent period of chemical carcinogenesis

A

time from promotion to clinical tumour

60
Q

what is the multistep theory of carcinogenesis

A

initiation, promotion and progression

61
Q

what are the different forms of tumour throughout carcinogenesis

A
  • normal cell
  • initiated cell
  • preneoplastic lesion
  • malignant tumour
62
Q

what is the factor for initiation

A

genetic

63
Q

is promotion reversible

A

yes

64
Q

is initiation reversible

A

no

65
Q

is progression reversible

A

can be

66
Q

what is initiation

A

this is when a carcinogen induces a genetic change resulting in neoplastic potential

67
Q

what is promotion

A

this is when another factor stimulates the initiated cell for division - clonal proliferation
does not act on non initiated cells

68
Q

what is progression of carcinogenesis

A

this is when additional mutations result in malignancy

69
Q

what is physical carcinogenesis

A

this is when there is ionising radiation that damages DNA causing mutations
there are radioactive metals and gases

70
Q

what can radium cause

A

bone and bone marrow tumours

71
Q

what are the more sensitive tissues to radiation

A

those where cells are rapidly renewed, including:
- embryonic tissues
- haemopoetic organs
- gonads
- epidermis
- intestinal mucous membranes

72
Q

which tissues are least sensitive to radiation

A

connective tissue and muscle and nervous tissue

73
Q

what are physical carcinogens

A

ultraviolet light that damages DNA and leads to skin cancer
sunbeds

74
Q

what are the vital carcinogens

A

dna viruses which are more common and this is when viral dna are inserted into host dna
rna viruses which are reverse transcribed and then inserted

75
Q

what tumour is formed from epstein barr virus

A

burkitts lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

76
Q

what tumour is formed from hepatitis b

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

77
Q

what tumour is formed from human papillomavirus

A

cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma

78
Q

what type of cancer is most common at 90%

A

carcinomas

79
Q

which types of cancer are less common but occur most often in young people

A

lymphomas and sarcomas

80
Q

what is the aetiology of oral cancer

A

multifactorial - many different lifestyle factors can lead to it including
- tobacco
- betel quid
- alcohol
- diet and nutrition
- oral hygiene
- viruses
- immunodeficiency
- socioeconomic factors
- GORD

81
Q

what is betel quid

A

chewing tobacco

82
Q

what is leukoplakia

A

white patch that cannot be rubbed off or attributed to any other cause

83
Q

does dysplasia affect underlying tissue of epithelium

A

no

84
Q

which tissues can be affected by dysplasia

A
  • squamous like oral and cervical
  • glandular like barretts oesophagus, colonic polyps
  • transitional like in the bladder
85
Q

how is dyplasia identified

A

by changes in cell arrangement and appearance

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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