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PARASITOLOGY > CILIATA AND MASTIGOPHORA > Flashcards

CILIATA AND MASTIGOPHORA Flashcards

1
Q

Only ciliate protozoan than infects humans

A

Balantidium coli

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2
Q

Largest protozoan parasite of human

A

Balantidium coli

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3
Q

Balantidium coli. Phylum ___, Family ____

A

Phylum Ciliophora, Family Balantididae

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4
Q

Balantidium coli. Trophozoite
Size: __ in length

A

30-150 um

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5
Q

Balantidium coli. Trophozoite
Size: __ in width

A

25-120 um in width

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6
Q

Motility: Rolling ball or thrown-ball

A

Balantidium coli

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7
Q

Size:40-60 um in diameter, spherical to oval and round in shape, refractile and is double walled

A

Balantidium coli Cyst

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8
Q

Balantidium coli. Its trophozoite are capable of attacking the intestinal epithelium and creating characteristic ulcer ____ and ___

A

a rounded base and wide neck

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9
Q
  • production of hyaluronidase
A

Lectin necrosis

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10
Q

causes bloody diarrhea and is categorized as a tissue invader immunocompromised individuals are at risk, especially those with HIV

A

Balantidium coli

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11
Q

the disease of this parasite (Balantidium coli) which has three forms of clinical manifestation.

A

Balantidiasis

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12
Q

three forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis.

A
  1. Asymptomatic carriers
  2. Fulminant balantidiasis, or balantidial dysentery
  3. Chronic form
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13
Q

forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis. those who do not present with diarrhea or dysentery, but may serve as parasite reservoir in the community.

A

Asymptomatic carriers

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14
Q

forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis. involves diarrhea with bloody and mucoid stools, which is sometimes indistinguishable from amebic dysentery. often associated with immunocompromised and malnourished states

A

Fulminant balantidiasis, or balantidial dysentery

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15
Q

Fulminant balantidiasis, or balantidial dysentery. Acute cases may have ___ to ___ episodes of diarrhea per day accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting

A

6 to 15 episodes of diarrhea per day

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16
Q

forms of clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis. whereindiarrhea may alternate with constipation, and maybe accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramping, anemia, and cachexia.

A

chronic form

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17
Q

Balantidium coli. Extraintestinal infection. Could spread in ?

A

mesenteric nodes, appendix, liver, genitourinary sites, pleura, and lungs

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18
Q

Complications of balantidiasis include intestinal perforation and ____

A

acute appendicitis.

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19
Q

Cases of mortality related to balantidiasis were reported to be associated with

A

intestinal hemorrhage and shock, intestinal perforation,

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20
Q

Balantidium coli. Cysts and trophozoites can be seen in formed and watery stool direct examination or concentration (___ or ___) techniques

A

sedimentation or flotation

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21
Q

Balantidium coli. Its life cycle is pass through how many host only

A

one

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22
Q

Balantidium coli. Natural host:

A

Pig

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23
Q

Balantidium coli. Accidental host:

A

Man

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24
Q

Balantidium coli. Reservoirs host:

A

Pig, monkey, and rat.

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25
Q

Balantidium coli. Infective form:

A

Cyst

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26
Q

Balantidium coli. Mode of transmission:

A

Ingestion of mature cyst

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27
Q

Balantidium coli. Prevention and
control

A

Use of pig feces as fertilizer should also be avoided.

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28
Q

Balantidium coli. Cyst are resistant to environmental conditions and may survive for long periods, but they can be inactivated by heat and by ___

A

1% NaOH

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29
Q

Balantidium coli. Treatment. 500 mg or 40 mg/kg/dose divided in four doses for
10 days.

A

Tetracycline

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30
Q

Balantidium coli. Treatment. s contraindicated in children less than eight years of age and in pregnant women.

A

Tetracycline

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31
Q

Balantidium coli. Treatment. 750 mg three times daily, or 35 to 50 mg/kg
body weight/ day in three divided doses may be given for 5
day

A

Metronidazole

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32
Q

Balantidium coli. Treatment. may also be given at 650 mg, or 40 mg/kg/dose, divided in three doses for 20 day

A

Doquinol

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33
Q

Balantidium coli. Treatment. Other alternative treatments for balantidiasis include

A

doxycycline and nitazoxanide.

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34
Q

Gardia lamblia is initially known as

A

Cercomonas intestinalis

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35
Q

Gardia lamblia discovered in 1859 by French scientist

A

Dr. F. Lamb

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36
Q

Also known as Gardia intestinalis,

A

Gardia lamblia

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37
Q

Gardia lamblia. Trophozoite
Size: ___ long by ___ wide.

A

9 to 12 µm long by 5 to l5 µm wide

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38
Q

Shape: Teardrop or pyriform, pointed posteriorly with pair of ovoidal nuclei one on each side of the midline

A

Gardia lamblia

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39
Q

Motility: The parasite is propelled into an erratic tumbling motion or falling leak-like motility

A

Gardia lamblia.

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40
Q

Nuclei: It is also tagged as the “old man with eyeglasses” and “monkey-faced”

A

Gardia lamblia

41
Q

Gardia lamblia. Flagella: 4 lateral pairs (2 ____, 2 ____)

A

2 ventral, 2 dorsal)

42
Q

Gardia lamblia. Cyst
Size: ____ long by ____ wide.

A

8 to 12 µm long by 7 to 10 µm wide.

43
Q

Gardia lamblia. Cyst. Nuclei: Premature: __ nuclei. Mature: _ nuclei

A

Premature: 2 nuclei. Mature: 4 nuclei

44
Q

Gardia lamblia. Cyst. Wall: It has cyst wall proteins made up of

A

beta1-3N-acetylgalactosamine polymers

45
Q

Agent of Gay bowel syndrome

A

Gardia lamblia

46
Q

Gardia lamblia. Causes failure of ____ syndrome

A

thrive syndrome

47
Q

Gardia lamblia. Causes variety of gastrointestinal symptom, _____

A

Malabsorption steatorrhea

48
Q

Gardia lamblia. Stool produces odor of ____ and ___

A

rotten eggs flatus and frothy pale

49
Q

Gardia lamblia. Stool produces odor of rotten eggs flatus and frothy pale due to ?

A

malabsorption of dissacharides, water, glucose and sodium

50
Q

_____ of giardia play an important role in virulence and infectivity of the parasite

A

Variant specific surface proteins (VSSP)

51
Q

Occasionally, Giardia may colonize the gall bladder, causing __ and __

A

biliary colic and jaundice.

52
Q

Gardia lamblia. Flagellate lives in the ___, ___, and ___ of humans

A

duodenum, jejunum, and upper ileum

53
Q

Giardia passes its life cycle in how many host.

A

1

54
Q

Gardia lamblia. Infective form:

A

Mature cyst.

55
Q

Gardia lamblia. Diagnostic stage:

A

cyst and trophozoite

56
Q

Gardia lamblia. Mode of transmission:

A

ingestion of cysts in contaminated
water and food

57
Q

Gardia lamblia. Mode of transmission: Direct person to person transmission may also occur in

A

children, male homosexuals, and mentally ill persons.

58
Q

Gardia lamblia. Reservoir host

A

beavers, muskrats, and water voles, domestic sheep, cattle, and dogs

59
Q

Gardia lamblia. Diagnosis

A

Gay bowel syndrome
Leningrad’s curse (Traveler’s diarrhea)
Backpackers diarrhea
Beaver fever

60
Q

Gardia lamblia. Treatment. 250 mg three times a day for 5 to 7 day.

A

Metronidazole

61
Q

Gardia lamblia. Treatment. Metronidazole pediatric dose:

A

15 mg/kg/day in three divided doses

62
Q

Gardia lamblia. Treatment. is usually well tolerated in adults and has a cure rate of 90%.

A

Metronidazole

63
Q

Gardia lamblia. Treatment. (single dose of 2 g for adults; 50 mg/kg in children)

A

tinidazole

64
Q

Gardia lamblia. Treatment. 100 mg four times daily for 10 days for adults; 6
mg/kg/day in four divided doses for 7 to 10 days

A

Furazolidone

65
Q

Gardia lamblia. Treatment. an alternative at 400 mg/day for 5 days in
adults and 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days in children

A

Albendazole

66
Q

Discovered by Jepps and Dobell

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

67
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Trophozoite
Size: ___ in length

A

7-12 um

68
Q

Motility: Progressive and usually disintegrate upon excretion of hosts

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

69
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Trophozoite. __% of the trophozoites are binucleated with fragmented karyosome and discrete chromatin granules

A

80%

70
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Trophozoite. __% are mononucleated and may seem to appear like Endolimax nana

A

20%

71
Q

can be pleomorphic (racket-shaped, pointed at one end, elongated)

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

72
Q

It never invades tissues, only in the crypts of the large intestine as it multiplies by binary fission

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

73
Q

Estimated that most people with D. fragilis are in ____ state.

A

asymptomatic

74
Q

Some px experience diarrhea alternating constipation, low grade eosinophilia and pruritus.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis. Symptomatic

75
Q

marker for pathogenicity of Dientamoeba and can possibly support this function as it can promote neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory consequences.

A

Fecal calprotectin

76
Q

D. fragilis was previously considered as an amoeba but has now been reclassified as an ___

A

amoeboflagellat

77
Q

The complete life cycle of D. fragilis is not well understood. D. fragilis resides in the ____ of the large intestine

A

mucosal crypts

78
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. MOT:

A

direct fecal-oral route and coinfection with Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides

79
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Infective stage:

A

Trophozoite

80
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Fixation: fixation of the fresh specimen with

A

polyvinyl alcohol fixative or Schaudinn’s fixative

81
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Diagnosis. Gold standard: Microscopic diagnosis using permanently stained smears ( ___ )

A

(iron hematoxylin. Giemsa and Field’s)

82
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Fecal concentration methods can ___ the trophozoites

A

destroy

83
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Antigen detection:

A

ELISA and Immunofluorescence

84
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Antibody detection:

A

Indirect immunofluorescence

85
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Prevention and
control

A

Maintaining personal and public sanitary conditions and
avoidance of unprotected homosexual practices will at least
help minimize the spread of D. fragilis infections

86
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Treatment. 650 mg, 3x dily for 20 days (adult), 40 mg/kg/day 3x daily for 20 days

A

Iodoquinol

87
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis. Treatment. ____, ____ also been found to be effective

A

Tetracycline, Metronidazole

88
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. Discovered by

A

Richard Wenyon

89
Q

Commensal organism, normally found in soil, fomites and water. Can be found in monkeys, chimpanzees, orangutans and pigs

A

Chilomastix mesnili

90
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. Trophozoite
Size: ___ in length

A

6-24 um

91
Q

Motility: cork screw motility/ spiral boring/jerky/stiff rotary motility

A

Chilomastix mesnili

92
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. Trophozoite. 4 flagella: 3 of it is found in the ___ and 1 flagella ____

A

3 in the anterior and 1 flagella running within the cytostome

93
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. Cyst:
Size: ___ in diameter

A

7-9 um

94
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. It multiplies by ___ primarily in large intestine

A

binary fission

95
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. Cyst it is the ingested form in humans from contaminated ___

A

soil

96
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. The cyst stage is resistant to ______ and is responsible for transmission of Chilomastix.

A

environmental pressures

97
Q

Chilomastix resides in the ___ and/or ___

A

cecum and/or colon

98
Q

Chilomastix mesnili. Diagnostic stage: ___
Infective stage: ____

A

DS: Cyst and trophozoite. IS: Trophozoite

99
Q

Chilomastix mesnili is identified through the detection of cysts
and/or trophozoites in stool specimens, both concentrated wet
mounts and permanent stained smears (e.g., _____?)

A

trichrome

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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