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Biology GCSE-combined (Edexel) > Topic 1-Key Concepts > Flashcards

Topic 1-Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Acrosome

A

An organelle in the tip of a sperms cell that contains enzymes which digests the egg cell membrane

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2
Q

Active Site

A

A specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and a reaction takes place

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3
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (along a concentration gradient) across a membrane-with energy from respiration

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4
Q

Carbohydrases

A

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Large molecules that are synthesised from simple sugars

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6
Q

Cell

A

The basic building block of all living organisms

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

A partially permeable barrier that surround a cell

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

An outer layer made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures found on ciliated epithelial cells which waft substances across the surface of the tissue in one direction

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12
Q

Ciliated Epithelial Cell

A

Type of epithelial cell that lines the surfaces of structures (e.g respiratory tract/uterus)

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13
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The difference in concentration between two areas

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14
Q

Denaturation

A

The permanent change in the shape of an enzymes active site that prevents the binding of a substrate (upon exposure to high temps or extremes of pH)

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

The net spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient)

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16
Q

Diploid cell

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (full set of chromosomes)

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17
Q

Egg Cell

A

A specialised female sex cell involved in reproduction

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18
Q

Electron microscope

A

Type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets to produce an image of a specimen.

It has a greater magnification and resolution that a light microscope.

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that increases the rate of reaction in living organisms (without being used up)

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A type of cell found in plants and animals that contain a nucleus

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21
Q

Flagella

A

A long, hair-like structure found on bacterial cells-used for movement

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22
Q

Hapolid cell

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes)

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23
Q

Light microscopes

A

A type of microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify the visible light reflecting off a specimen.

It has a lower magnification and resolution than an electron microscope.

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24
Q

Lipases

A

Enzymes that break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

25
Q

Lipids

A

Large molecules that are synthesised from fatty acids and glycerol

26
Q

Lock & Key Hypothesis

A

A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fir the active site of an enzyme

27
Q

Magnification

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the original object.

28
Q

Magnification (Calculation)

A

Image size = magnification x actual size

29
Q

Micrometre (um)

A

Equal to x10^-6

30
Q

Millimetre

A

Equal to x10^-3

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle that is the site of respiration

32
Q

Nanometre

A

Equal to x10^-9

33
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contain the genetic material of the cell and controls the activities of the cell

34
Q

Organelle

A

A specialised structure found inside a cell

35
Q

Osmosis

A

The Diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

36
Q

Percentage change in mass

A

Proportion of the mass of a substance that has changed over a set period.

Caculation:
%change in mass=(final mass-initial mass/initial mass) x100

37
Q

Picometre

A

Equal x10^-12

38
Q

Plasmid

A

Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

39
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Type of cell found in bacteria that doesn’t contain a nucleus

40
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids

41
Q

Proteins

A

Large molecules that are synthesised from amino acids

42
Q

Rate of Reaction

A

The speed at which reactants are converted into products

43
Q

Resolution

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sub-cellular structures that are the site of protein synthesis

45
Q

Specialised cell

A

A cell that has a structure which makes it adapted to its function

46
Q

Specifity

A

Describes the ability of an enzyme to catalyse only a particular reaction or set of reactions in which a specific substrate fits the active site of the enzyme

47
Q

Sperm Cell

A

A specialised male sex cell that is involved in reproduction

48
Q

Vacuole

A

An organelle found in plants cells which stores cell SAP and supports the cell

49
Q

Features of Animal Cells

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria

50
Q

Features of Plant Cells

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

51
Q

Features of Bacterial Cells

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chromosomal DNA, plasmids, Falgellum

52
Q

How do cells become specialised?

A

By undergoing Differentiation.

A process that involves the cell gaining new Sub-cellular structures to be suited for its roles

(most cells differentiate only once early on in their lives, but some differentiate their whole lives=stem cells)

53
Q

How are sperm cells specialised/adapted to their function?

A

They are specialised to carry the males DNA to the egg cell for successful reproduction.

Features:
-streamlined head and long flagellum to aid swimming
-many mitochondria that supply the energy needed for the cell to move
-acrosome that contains digestive enzymes that break down the outer layers of the egg cell membrane
-halpoid nucleus (only 23 chromosomes)

54
Q

How are egg cells specialised/adapted to their function?

A

They are specialised to accept a single sperm and develop into an embryo.

Features:
-surrounded by a special cell membrane that only accepts one sperm cell and becomes impermeable following this
-lots of mitochondria to provide an energy source for the developing embryo
-large size and cytoplasm allows for quick, repeated division as the embryo grows

55
Q

How are Ciliated Epithial Cells adapted to their function?

A

They are specialised to waft bacteria (trapped by mucus) to the stomach.

Features:
-long, hair-like processes (cilia)

56
Q

How are Root hair cells specialised/adapted to their function?

A

Specialised to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport from the soil (as they’re found in the tips of roots)

Features:
-large surface area=more water can move into the cell
-large permanent vacuole affects the speed of movement of water from the soil to the cell
-mitochondria provide energy from respiration for active transport to take place

57
Q

How are Xylem cells specialised/adapted to their function?

A

-upon formation, a chemical (lignin) is deposited that causes the cells to die and become hollow and are re-joined end to end to form a continuous tube
-water and mineral ions cans move through this tube
-lignin is deposited in spirals which help the cells withstand the movement of water

58
Q

How are Ploem cells specialised/adapted to their function?

A

Specialised to carry the products of photosynthesis to all parts of the plants

Features:
-when cell walls of each cell structure (sieve plates) break down to allow the move the movement of substances from cell to cell
-energy is supplied by the mitochondria of the companion cells

Biology GCSE-combined (Edexel) (9 decks)

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