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Nursing classes exams > Adult Health one - exam #3 > Flashcards

Adult Health one - exam #3 Flashcards

Perfusion, Oxygenation (terms are included from learning map)

1
Q

Hypertensive crisis

A

what is it? a severe elevation in the blood pressure that can cause damage to the organs such as the kidney or the heart
what does it look like? blood pressure reading greater than 180/120, patient could have symptoms of morning headache, blurred vision, anxiety, nosebleed, dyspnea, and malignant hyperthermia
what causes it? underlying health conditions or intervention that did not occur from elevated blood pressure / kidney disease
what does the nurse do for it? administer oxygen and monitor O2 saturation while administering IV hydralizine to stabilize blood pressure

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2
Q

wheezing

A

high pitched whistling noise upon expiration

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3
Q

crackles

A

fluid in lungs

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4
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

What is it? most common type of hypertension it is not caused by an underlying health condition
What does it look like? Patient that has elevated blood pressure of >120 SBP and Diastolic Blood pressure >80
what causes it? thickening of the arterioles, obesity, environmental factors and psychological factors
what does the nurse do for it? the nurse administers ACE inhibitors to lower the blood pressure (-pril)

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5
Q

Rhonchi

A

in large airways cleared with a cough

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6
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

what is it? elevated blood pressure that is caused by a specific disease or drug.
what does it look like? Patient that has kidney failure and a patient that is on glucocortoid or erythropoietin.
what causes it? certain medications or kidney failure from the RAAS system not properly functioning
what does the nurse do for it? assess the patient by drawing labs for kidney such as AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine clearance
while patient is on the medication administer a vasodilator

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7
Q

Cardiac dysrhythmias

A

what is it? a disorder of the heartbeat involving a disturbance in cardiac rhythm; irregular heartbeat
what does it look like? Abnormal EKG reading
what causes it? perfusion of the heart impaired
what does the nurse do for it? depending on the dysrhythmia the nurse would administer Beta-adrenergic blockers (-olol) or Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (-sartans)

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8
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

sounds like grinding

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9
Q

Room air percentage

A

21%

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10
Q

Oxygen concentrator

A

machine that removes nitrogen from room air increasing oxygen air over 90%

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11
Q

Diuretics

A

furosemide, spironolactone, metolazone, polythiazide, hydrocholothiazide

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12
Q

what are diuretics related to cardiac output

A

they are the 1st defense of lowering blood pressure

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13
Q

Beta-adrenergic blockers

A

Atenolol, Nadolol, Timolol, maleate, Metoprolol -olol medications mostly

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14
Q

How do diuretics affect the heart

A

can become electrolyte imbalance, glucose control can be affected so do not give to diabetic patients, do not give to patients with gout uric acid is production

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15
Q

Vasodilators

A

Hydralazine, Hydrochloride, Minoxidil

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16
Q

what can a vasodilator effect in the body

A

decrease your blood pressure and lower swelling present as well as decrease your heart rate

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17
Q

stage 1 HTN

A

130-139 mm Hg or 140-159 mm Hg / 80-89 mm Hg or 90-99 mmHg

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18
Q

stage 2 HTN

A

greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or greater than 160 mmHg / greater than or equal to 90 mmHg or greater than 100 mmHg

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19
Q

what is prehypertension?

A

120-139 mm/Hg SBP and 80-89 mm/Hg DBP

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20
Q

what are the 2 breathing techniques for COPD patients

A

Pursed Lip Breathing and Diaphragmatic breathing

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21
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

relax muscles while inspiration and push out abdomen with upper hand above breast bone and the lower hand on the abdomen in the supine position

i

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22
Q

Pursed Lip Breathing

A

deep inspiration followed by prolonged expiration through pursed lips, while sitting up.

meant to prevent bronchiolar collapse and air trapping

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23
Q

How do vasodilators work in terms of treatment of hypertension

A

decrease the blood pressure

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24
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease term

A

collection of lower airway disorders that interfere with air flow and gas exchange

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25
Q

how many liters can be used on a nasal cannula

A

1-6 lpm

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26
Q

how many liters can be used on a partial and nonrebreather

A

10-15 lpm

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27
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary disease

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28
Q

how many liters can be used on a simple mask

A

6-12 lpm

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29
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

what is it? collection of lower airway disorders that interfere with air flow and gas exchange
what does it look like? lower o2 saturation below 90% on RA, patient who was a chronic chain smoker or presently is, patient who has trouble breathing on RA,
Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, patient in a tripod position
what causes it? Smoking, smoke inhalation, lower respiratory disorders that mess with the alveoli when gas exchange occurs
what does the nurse do for it? the nurse will administer breathing treatments, the nurse will administer oxygen device, the nurse will teach patient different breathing techniques to help breathe

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30
Q

Chest physiotherapy

A

external chest wall manipulation using percussion, vibration, or high-frequency chest wall compression

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31
Q

what are the 2 processes associated with COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis and Emphysema

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32
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

affects the lungs by inflammation of the Bronchi

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33
Q

Emphysema

A

affect the lungs by destruction and dilation of the alveolis

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34
Q

Afterload

A

the pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels

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35
Q

Apical Impulse or point of maximal impulse (PMI)

A

the pulse located at the left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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36
Q

Baroreceptors

A

sensory receptors in the arch of the aorta and at the origin of the internal carotid arteries that are stimulated wehn the arterial walls are stretched by an increased blood pressure

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37
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force of blood exerted against the vessel walls

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38
Q

Bradycardia

A

below 60 beats per minute in adults
abnormal slow heart rate

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39
Q

Cardiac Index

A

a calculation of cardiac output requirements to accoutn for differences in body size ; equation is CO/surface area

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40
Q

Cardiac output

A

the volume of blood ejected by the heart each minute
CO=HR x Stroke volume

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41
Q

Cholesterol

A

serum lipid that includes High Density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein

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42
Q

Diastole

A

phase of cardiac cycle that consists of relaxation and filling of atria and ventricles ; normally 2/3 of the cardiac cycle

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43
Q

Diastolic Blood pressure

A

the amount of pr pressure of force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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44
Q

Essential Hypertension

A

also known as primary hypertension the most common type of hypertension; not caused by an existing health problem

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45
Q

Heart Rate

A

term referring to the number of times the ventricles contract each minute.

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46
Q

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

part of your total cholesterol values that should be more than 45 mm/dL for men and women more than 55 mg/dL the good cholesterol

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47
Q

what is the lab values for HDL

A

more than 45 mm/dL for men and women are more than 55 mm/Hg for women

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48
Q

High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP)

A

a serum marker of inflammation and a common and critical component of the development of atherosclerosis

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49
Q

Homocysteine

A

an amino acid that is produced when proteins break down; elevated values may be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease

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50
Q

Hypertensive Crisis the term what is it

A

a severe elevation in blood pressure, which can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys or the heart

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51
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

part of the total cholesterol cale that should be less than 130 mg/dL; bad cholesterol

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52
Q

what is the value for LDL

A

less than 130 mg/d:

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53
Q

Ischemia

A

diminished blood supply to any tissue or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen

54
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

sounds heard during taking a blood pressure

55
Q

what are examples of lipids

A

Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL

56
Q

Malignant Hypertension

A

Hypertensive state that is 200/120 and is an emergency that requires IV antihypertensive medication

57
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

MAP= SBP+2 x DBP /3
the arterial blood pressure that is necessary to maintain perfusion of major body organs, such as kidneys and the brain

58
Q

Myocardium

A

the heart muscle

59
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension the term

A

abnormally low blood pressure that occurs when a person stands

60
Q

Pack years

A

Packages per day x years smoked = pack years
used to record a patients smoking history

61
Q

Palpitations

A

bounding or racing of the heart associated with normal emotions or a heart disorder

62
Q

Paradoxical blood pressure

A

an exaggerated decreased in systolic blood pressure by more than 10 mm/Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle

63
Q

Peripheral vascular Disease (PVD)

A

disorders that change the natural flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the peripheral circulation, causing decreased perfusion to body tissues

64
Q

Preload

A

the degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction

65
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

66
Q

Secondary hypertension the term

A

elevated blood pressure that is related to a specific disease or medication

67
Q

Stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction

68
Q

Systole

A

the phase of the cardiac cycle that consists of contacting and emptying the atria and the ventricles

69
Q

Systolic Blood pressure

A

the amount of force or pressure generated by the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each contraction of the heart

70
Q

Triglycerides

A

Serum Lipid profile that includes measurement of cholesterol and lipoprotein

71
Q

Troponin

A

a myocardial muscle protein released into the bloodstream with injury to myocardial muscle

72
Q

what is the order of medications in which you prescribe

A

Diuretics, Beta-adrenergic blockers, Calcium-channel blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs)

73
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Diltiazem, Verapamil, hydrochloride, Nifedipine, Nicardipine,

74
Q

Atlectasis

A

collapsed lung

75
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

invasive diagnostic assessment

76
Q

capnography

A

noninvasive diagnostic test

77
Q

Chest Physiotherapy

A

external chest wall manipulation using percussion, vibration, or high frequency chest wall compression

78
Q

Cheyne-stokes respirations

A

deep rapid breathing and slow and shallow breathing with periods of apnea

79
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs

80
Q

COPD term

A

collection of lower airway disorders that interfere with airflow and gas exchange

81
Q

Crepitus

A

air trapped in and under the skin, felt as a crackling sensation beneath the fingertips.

82
Q

Dyspnea

A

labored breathing or shortness of breath that is painful

83
Q

Emphysema

A

affects the lungs by destruction and dilation of the alveoli

84
Q

Gas exchange

A

the actions happening with the echange of CO2 and O2 in the alveoli

85
Q

Hypoxemia

A

arterial blood oxygen levels less than 60 mm/Hg; low oxygen level in the blood

86
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

87
Q

Incentive Spirometry

A

enpands the lungs, clears mucus secretions, increase amount of O2 delivered to bronchi and alveoli, often prescribed for postop patients as well as some pulmonary alterations

88
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

oxygen delivery device that 1-6 lpm

89
Q

Nebulization

A

process of adding moisture to inspired air by adding water droplets ; interventions for breathing

90
Q

Orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing when supine

91
Q

Perfusion

A

ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return oxygenated blood to the lungs

92
Q

Ventilation

A

process of moving gases into and out of the lungs with air flowing into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation

93
Q

what are the primary functions of the vascular system

A

provides a route for blood to travel from the heart to nourish the various tissues of the body/ carries cellular wastes to the excretory organs/ Allows lymphatic flow to drain tissue fluid back into the circulation/ returns blood to the heart for recirculation

94
Q

what are the primary functions of the arterial system

A

delivers oxygen and nutrients to various body tissues

95
Q

what are the primary functions of the venous system

A

Circulation of blood by returning blood from capillaries to the right side of the heart

96
Q

what is part of the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, two mainstream bronchi, lobar, segmental and subsegmental bronchi, bronchioles, Alveolar ducts and alveoli

97
Q

what is part of the upper respiratory tract

A

nose, sinus, pharynx, larynx

98
Q

what is the minimal mean arterial pressure for the patient to be adequately perfusing the organs

A

60-70 mm/Hg

99
Q

what type of labratory assessment will need to be done for antihypertensives

A

Serum cardiac enzymes (troponin T and I), Serum Lipids

100
Q

what are the AV valves

A

Tricuspid and Mitral

101
Q

what are the Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonic and Aortic

102
Q

what is part of blood pressure regulation

A

Autonomic nervous system, Kidneys, Endocrine system, SBP, DBP, Baroreceptors

103
Q

what are the 6 p’s of arterial insufficiency

A

Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Parasthesia, Paralysis, coolness

104
Q

what is the anatomy and physiology of the lower airway

A

trachea, two mainstream bronchi, lobar, segmental and subsegmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

105
Q

what are some bronchodilators?

A

Albuterol and Proventil

106
Q

what is the point of short acting bronchodilators?

A

rescue to dilate the airways when narrowing of the airways occur

107
Q

what are some anticholinergics?

A

Atrovent

108
Q

what do anticholinergics do

A

dry up secretions to ease the WOB

109
Q

What is an example of a long acting bronchodilators

A

Serevent

110
Q

what are some examples of a corticosteroids

A

Flovent (inhaler) and Prednisone (systemic)

111
Q

what is the difference between a systemic corticosteroid and a inhaler

A

Inhaler is it does not circulate in the blood

112
Q

what is the point of a long acting bronchodilator

A

maintenance

113
Q

what is the point of a corticosteroid

A

to treat inflammation of the lungs

114
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung

A

3

115
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung

A

2

116
Q

what does the pleural lining of the lungs do

A

aids in respiration and separates lungs

117
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

A

-pril

118
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

-sartan

119
Q

Barrel chest

A

diameter is increased 1:1 is barrell chested

120
Q

Cardiac index equation

A

Cardiac output/ body surface area = cardiac index

121
Q

what are the mechanical properties of the heart

A

cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, preload and afterload

122
Q

Mr Carlos blood pressure is 128/89 what is the mean arterial pressure? what type of hypertension are they at risk of developing?

A

109 mm Hg, prehypertension

123
Q

what are some cardiovascular changes that happen with older adults

A

cardiac valves, conduction system, left ventricle, aorta and other large arteries and baroreceptors

124
Q

what history are you to ask for cardiac assessment of the patient

A

Modifiable and nonmodifiable factors, psychological factors, Medical history, Previous treatment for Coronary Vascular Disease, Drug history, Social history, Nutrition, Family history and genetic risk, current health problems, Functional history

125
Q

what is part of the physical assessment of the cardiovascular system

A

General appearance, Skin color and temperature, Extremities, blood pressure, venous and arterial pulses, precordium, (Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation,) Normal heart sounds and abnormal heart sounds

126
Q

what are some diagnostic assessments for cardiovascular

A

PA and Lateral CXR, Angiography, Cardiac catheterization, ECG, EOS, Exercise electrocardiography, Echocardiography, Transesophageal echocardiography, Myocardial nuclear perfusion imaging, CT, MRI

127
Q

what is the cholesterol lab value

A

< 200mg/dL

128
Q

what is the troponin T value

A

< 0.1 ng/mL

129
Q

what is the troponin I value

A

<0.03 ng/mL

130
Q

What medication is for artial fibrillation or a fib

A

Beta Blockers (-olol)

131
Q
A

Nursing classes exams (6 decks)

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