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British Empire 1914-1947 > India > Flashcards

India Flashcards

1
Q

What was never introduced in India?

A

Conscription

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2
Q

How many Indian soldiers served in the Indian army in WW1?

A

1.5 million

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3
Q

Why did so many Indian soldiers serve in WW1?

A
  • hope for independence
  • increased wages
  • felt a duty towards the Emperor of India
  • threat of Russian invasion
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4
Q

Examples of discrimination faced by Indian troops

A
  • physical capabilities seen as inferior to white troops so were given lower ranking positions
  • some were appalled by the idea of them being treated by white nurses or having relations with them
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5
Q

Benefits of WW1 in India

A
  • literacy rates increased in heavily recruited areas as troops read and write during their campaigns
  • Indian industries benefited greatly due to increase in demand for Indian goods
  • many Indian troops were recognised for their service
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6
Q

Drawbacks of WW1 in India

A
  • high taxes
  • inflation
  • lost skilled workers
  • Defence of India Act 1915
  • denied independence
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7
Q

What did the recruitment of engineers, doctors and nurses for WW1 do?

A

Left less of them available for India’s population although there were few to begin with

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8
Q

Effect of WW1 on the attitude towards British rule

A
  • number of casualties and denial of independence fuelled nationalism
  • deflated the idea that Britain was invincible
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9
Q

Why did war deflate the idea that Britain was invincible?

A

Suffered humiliating defeats such as the loss of Singapore in 1942 to the Japanese

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10
Q

Defence of India Act 1915

A

Gave local authorities the power to prevent the spread of anti- government propaganda by stricter control of the press and making arrests without warrant.

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11
Q

Gave local authorities the power to prevent the spread of anti- government propaganda by stricter control of the press and making arrests without warrant.

A

Defence of India Act 1915

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12
Q

Rowlatt Act

A

extended the provisions of the Defence of India Act 1915

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13
Q

extended the provisions of the Defence of India Act 1915

A

Rowlatt Act

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14
Q

What did the Rowlatt Act prompt?

A

Gandhi’s first mass civil disobedience

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15
Q

What did the Indians see as evidence that British rule could be overthrown?

A

The Russian Revolution 1917 and the formation of the USSR

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16
Q

What led to the rise of communism in India?

A

The Russian Revolution 1917 and the formation of the USSR

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17
Q

How much did India contribute towards the war effort in 1917?

A

£100 million

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18
Q

What was Britain given by the Treaty of Versailles 1919?

A

mandates

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19
Q

Why did the 1945 labour government decide to accept Indian independence?

A
  • violent resistance
  • no longer profitable
  • Nazi race ideology was compared to racist British ideology
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20
Q

Who was the Viceroy of India in 1947?

A

Mountbatten

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21
Q

How many died in the mass migration between India and Pakistan?

A

At least 1 million

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22
Q

What did the Government of India Act 1919 do?

A

Allowed Indian ministers to take responsibility for local government, health, education and agriculture

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23
Q

When was the Simon Commission?

A

1929-30

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24
Q

What did the Simon Commission recommend?

A
  • local authorities be given more power
  • defence, internal security and foreign affairs remain in British control
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25
Q

When were the Round Table Conferences?

A
  • 1930
  • 1931
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26
Q

Why did the Round Table conferences a failure?

A
  • No agreement was reached on Indian independence
  • many political leaders weren’t present
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27
Q

What did the Government of India Act 1935 do?

A
  • made provinces completely self-governing
  • expanded the franchise from 7 to 35 million
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28
Q

Why was the Government of India Act 1935 insufficient?

A
  • not the same degree of independence as dominions
  • provincial governors appointed by the British
  • Viceroy could suspend self-government in emergencies
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29
Q

What did Britain do to Indian imports after First World War?

A

placed high taxes on Indian imports to give protection against competitors

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30
Q

Gandhi wore traditional Indian clothes to symbolise what?

A

Indian culture and therefore a rejection of westernisation

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31
Q

Why was Gandhi’s aims unrealistic?

A
  • wanted a united India
  • wanted India to remain predominantly agricultural, rejecting industrialisation
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32
Q

How did Gandhi’s methods embarrass Britain?

A

Violent response to peaceful protests demonstrated that they were struggling to maintain control and were immoral

33
Q

When was the Bengal Famine under Viceroy Linlithgow?

A

1943

34
Q

How many people died in the Bengal Famine 1943?

A

3 million

35
Q

Linlithgow’s response to the 1943 Bengal Famine?

A

provided inadequate aid

36
Q

When was the Chauri Chaura incident?

A

1922

37
Q

What was the Chauri Chaura incident?

A

police opened fire on violent protest

38
Q

What was Nehru’s aims for India?

A
  • separate Muslim state
  • modernisation and industrialisation
39
Q

Who formed the Indian National Army?

A

Subhas Bose

40
Q

What did Subhas Bose do?

A
  • formed Indian National Army
  • allied himself with Germany and Japan
41
Q

Who condemned the Amritsar Massacre?

A
  • Gandhi
  • Churchill
42
Q

What did the Government of India Act 1919 do?

A
  • promised consideration of dominion status in 10 years
  • made government more representative and efficient
43
Q

What was British response to the Amritsar massacre?

A
  • public subscription raised thousands of pounds to reward Dyer
  • House of Lords passed a vote of thanks for Dyer’s actions
44
Q

What did the Hunter Report 1920 do?

A
  • condemned Dyer’s actions
  • gave compensation to those affected
45
Q

When was the Salt March?

A

1930

46
Q

What was the Salt March?

A

Gandhi led a march to the coast to harvest salt in defiance of the 1882 Salt Act

47
Q

What did the Salt Act 1882 do?

A

forced Indians to buy heavily taxed British salt that many couldn’t afford

48
Q

What was the outcome of the Salt March?

A
  • International media attention
  • The Gandhi- Irwin Pact
49
Q

What did the Gandhi- Irwin pact agree?

A
  • salt tax removed
  • political prisoners released
  • promised more roundtable conferences
50
Q

What was Churchill’s response to the Gandhi- Irwin pact?

A
  • weak response
  • rewarding disruption
51
Q

Why did Indian officers massacre European civilians in Singapore in WW1?

A

Were being sent to France despite learning of the high death toll there

52
Q

When did the British prevent a planned uprising?

A

1915

53
Q

Where did Britain prevent a planned uprising in 1915?

A

Punjab

54
Q

What did the planned uprising in the Punjab in 1915 make Britain realise?

A

They could no longer depend on the loyalty of the Punjab

55
Q

Why did war increase tensions between Muslims and British?

A
  • declared war on Turkey, a Muslim country
  • divided the Ottoman Empire
56
Q

What did the Lucknow Pact agree?

A
  • Increased Muslim representation in government
  • common demands between Hindus and Muslims would be presented to the British
57
Q

When was the Lucknow Pact?

A

1916

58
Q

What was the Moplah Rebellion?

A

rebellion against British and Hindu elite

59
Q

Outcome of Moplah Rebellion

A
  • 600 Hindus killed and 2500 forcibly converted to Islam
  • brutal repression by the British
60
Q

When was the Moplah rebellion?

A

1921

61
Q

How did divides grow in WW2 in the independence movement?

A

Gandhi and Bose were willing to negotiate with Japan and Germany, Britain and Nehru were not

62
Q

What was the Simon Commission sent to India to do?

A

Report on whether the degree of responsible government created under the 1919 Act should be extended or restricted

63
Q

Why was the Simon Commission a failure?

A
  • no Indian representation
  • no-one was willing to co-operate with them
64
Q

When did the Prince of Wales visit India?

A

1921

65
Q

How many were arrested for protesting during the Prince of Wales visit 1921?

A

30,000

66
Q

Who led a mutiny 1914-15?

A

the Pathans

67
Q

Why did the Pathans lead a mutiny 1914-15?

A

feared that they would be led by Muslim officers

68
Q

When was the Montagu Declaration?

A

1917

69
Q

What did the Montagu Declaration promise?

A

eventual self- government

70
Q

What did Edwin Montagu do to create the 1918 Montagu- Chelmsford report?

A

consulted politicians and the public

71
Q

What became the basis for the Government of India Act 1919?

A

Montagu-Chelmsford Report 1918

72
Q

How did Viceroy Linlithgow respond to the Quit India campaign?

A
  • burned whole villages
  • machine gunned crowds
  • made arrests without trial
73
Q

What did Churchill’s appointment of Wavell, former Commander in Chief of India, as Viceroy in 1943 suggest?

A
  • Wanted to continue military response
  • political skills and experience were unnecessary because negotiation was not intended
74
Q

What did Wavell do in response to the 1943 famine?

A
  • ordered military assistance for the distribution of food
  • introduced rationing
75
Q

What did the Cripps mission aim to do?

A

secure Indian cooperation during WW2

76
Q

When was the Cripps mission?

A

1942

77
Q

What did Stafford Cripps propose?

A

post-war constitutional reforms that paved the way to self-rule

78
Q

Why was the Cripps mission unsuccessful?

A

Congress rejected Cripps’ proposals

British Empire 1914-1947 (6 decks)

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