Language and Culture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an “utterance”?

A

It is the sounds made by one person to another.

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2
Q

What is “locution”?

A

They are words placed in a sentence.

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3
Q

What is “illocution”?

A

It is words places in sequence and the context in which this is done.

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4
Q

What are the 5 sorts of meanings people can use language to communicate?

A

Representatives (to make a statement)
Directives (to make someone do something)
Commissives (to make a commitment - a promise)
Expressives (express psychological or emotional state)
Declarations (to make a statement, and by doing so, making it true)

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5
Q

What is “linguistic relativity”?

A

The theory which suggests that people speaking different languages have different world views.

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6
Q

What 2 categories do we know from the linguistic category model?

A

Abstract - what people are like and concrete language - what people do.

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7
Q

What is “paralanguage”?

A

Nonverbal elements of speech which accompany spoken language.

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8
Q

What is speach style?

A

The way something is said rather than the content of it.

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9
Q

What is the matched-guise technique?

A

It is a way of measuring attitudes just from the speech style.

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9
Q

What are social markers?

A

They are features of speech style that transmit cues about mood, context, status, or group membership.

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10
Q

What is an “ethnolinguistic group”?

A

It is a group which is defined principally in terms of its language.

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10
Q

Describe the “ethnolinguistic identity theory”?

A

The theory suggests that people’s sense of identity is shaped by their language and culture.

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11
Q

What is the “speech accommodation theory”?

A

The theory that people change their speech style to the context.

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12
Q

How is “speech convergence” different from “speech divergence”?

A

Speech convergence is adjusting one’s speech style to match that of the other person, while speech divergence means intentionally making one’s speech style different to assert one’s identity/status/etc.

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13
Q

What are the 2 factors based on which we recognise facial expression?

A

ontogenetic factors (cross-cultural commonalities in early socialisation) and phylogenetic factors (innate link between emotions and facial expressions)

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14
Q

Describe what is “visual dominance behavior”?

A

It is the tendency to gaze fixedly when speaking at a person of a lower status

15
Q

What are “kinesics”?

A

Linguistics of body communication.

16
Q

What are “emblems” in body language?

A

These are gestures used to replace spoken language.

17
Q

What are 5 distinct categories of touch?

A
  1. positive affect 2. playful 3. control 4. ritualistic (greetings, departures) 5.task-related 6. negative affect 7. aggressive touches
18
Q

What are “proxemics”?

A

It is a study of interpersonal distance.

19
Q

What are some features of CMC? (computer-mediater communication)

A
  1. restricts paralanguage 2. compromises trust 3. can encourage honesty 4. suppresses the amount of information 5. prevents interaction and group performance initially, but people adapt
20
Q

What is the etic-emic distinction?

A

It is the contrast if a psychological construct applies cross-culturally or is bound to one culture. Etic - universal, emic - one group/culture.

21
Q

Define “subculture of violence.”

A

It is a subgroup of society in which higher levels of violence are accepted.

22
Q

What is “culture of honor”?

A

A culture where it is accepted for male violence to be the way of addressing threats to social reputation or economic position.

23
Q

Describe “machismo.”

A

It is the code under which differences in opinion must be met with fists or other weapons.

24
Q

What kind of self produces West and what kind of self produces East culture.

A

West: independent, East: interdependent.

25
Q

What is “prisoner’s dilemma”?

A

A game scenario where 2 individuals have to decide to cooperate or compete with the outcome determined by both choices.

26
Q

What is “contact hypothesis”?

A

It is the hypothesis that suggests that bringing 2 opposing groups together will make them cooperate better and will lower the differences between the two groups.

27
Q

What are the 4 ways that immigrants acculturate?

A
  1. integration (maintain home culture & relate to dominant culture) 2. assimilation (give up home culture & embrace dominant culture) 3. separation (maintain home culture & isolate from dominant culture) 4. marginalization (give up home culture but fail to relate properly to dominant culture)
28
Q

What is the “post-modern paradox”?

A

It is when a society claims to be embracing diversity but only recognizes certain aspects of the culture/identity and suppresses/ignores others.

29
Q
A