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Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry

1
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule with two or more atoms of different elements that are chemically bonded together through the interaction of electrons in their valence energy levels (valence shells)

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2
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A grouping of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
The base unit of a compound

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3
Q

What is a bond?

A

Weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

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4
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with an electrical charge (positive or negative)

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5
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

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6
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

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7
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest quantity of an element that retains the its unique properties

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8
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

An atom will give up, gain, or share electrons with another atom so it ends up with a full valence shell, or at least 8 electrons in its valence shell

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9
Q

What is a valence shell/valence energy level?

A

Atom’s outermost electron ring/shell
Most strongly governs the tendency of an atom to participate in chemical reactions

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10
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

The layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level

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11
Q

What is matter?

A

The substance of the universe. Anything that occupies space and has mass

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12
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter contained in an object, that is constant

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13
Q

What is weight?

A

The effect of gravity’s pull on an object’s mass

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14
Q

What is an element?

A

Pure substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means. The primary constituent of matter.

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15
Q

What are the subatomic particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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16
Q

What is atomic mass/mass number?

A

Mass of protons + neutrons

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17
Q

What makes up the nucleus?

A

Protons and electrons

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18
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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19
Q

What is an isotope?

A

One of the different forms of an element. Has a varying number of neutrons.

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20
Q

What is a heavy isotope?

A

Has more than the usual number of neutrons. Usually unstable and radioactive.

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21
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

Nucleus actively decays and gives off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy

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22
Q

What is half life?

A

The time it takes for 1/2 of an isotope to decay

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23
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The branch of science that deals with the identification of substances of which matter is composed. Investigation of their properties and the ways they interact. The use of these properties to form new substances.

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24
Q

What are the 3 phases of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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25
Q

What is a liquid?

A

Matter where particles bounce and move away from each other. Takes on the shape of its container.

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26
Q

What is a solid?

A

Particles of matter that are tightly packed. Motion is like vibration because particles have no space to move. Has a definite shape

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27
Q

What is a gas?

A

Particles of matter that are far apart and less likely to hit each other. Takes on the shape of its container and can be compressed.

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28
Q

What is energy?

A

Puts matter in motion
The capacity to do work

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29
Q

What are the most common elements in the body?

A

Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorous

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30
Q

What is AMU?

A

Atomic mass unit
The mass of one proton or one electron

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31
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Substance that contains two or more components that can be relatively easily separated using physical means. Not bound together.

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32
Q

What are the types of mixtures?

A

Solution, colloid, suspension

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33
Q

What is a solution?

A

Transparent mixture. Small and invisible solute particles dissolved in a solvent that do not settle out, do not scatter light, and are not acted on by gravity.

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34
Q

What is a colloid?

A

Milky or translucent mixture with larger but invisible particles that do not settle out and are not acted on by gravity. They scatter light. Heterogenous.

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35
Q

What is a suspension?

A

Mixture with particles that are visible, settle out, and are acted on my gravity. Heterogenous and translucent.

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36
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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37
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ongoing association between opposite charged ions. Formed when valence electrons are donated.
Weak bond.

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38
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Molecules share electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship to satisfy the octet rule. They do not lose or gain electrons permanently, they just move back and forth between atoms. Strong bonds that contain potential energy.

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39
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Electrons in the atoms’ overlapping orbitals are shared to fill both valence shells. Electrically balanced.

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40
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Occurs when atoms share electrons unequally. Contains regions with opposite charges. Atoms orient themselves according to attractions.

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41
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule.

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42
Q

What are the special characteristics of water?

A

Cohesion, adhesion, thermal stability, solvency, chemical reactivity

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43
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy matter possesses because of it’s motion. Powers matter in motion.

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44
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy matter possesses because of it’s positioning and structure. The energy of position.

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45
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

The energy released by chemical bonds breaking

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46
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Reactions that release more energy than they absorb (catabolic)

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47
Q

What is endergonic?

A

Reactions that absorb more energy than they release and require energy input. Resulting molecule stores chemical energy and energy from the original substance. (anabolic)

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48
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Stored in physical systems and directly powers matter movement

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49
Q

What is radiant energy?

A

Emitted and transmitted as waves rather than matter.

50
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

Supplied by electrolytes in cells and fluids. Transmit impulses in muscle cells. Voltage

51
Q

What is a reactant?

A

One or more substances that enter into a reaction

52
Q

What is a product?

A

One or more substances that are produced by a reaction. The components of the reactants are all present.

53
Q

What is conservation of mass?

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

54
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

Results in the joining of components that were separate. Anabolic, requires energy. Energy is then stored in the bonds of the compound.

55
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Potential energy stored in bonds is released. Breaks down something larger into constituent parts. Catabolic.

56
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Both synthesis and decomposition occur, bonds are both formed and broken. Chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.

57
Q

What is reversibility?

A

A chemical reaction can proceed in either direction under the right conditions

58
Q

What factors influence the rate of reactions?

A

Properties of reactants, temperature, concentration and pressure, enzymes and other catalysts

59
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself changing. Lowers the level of energy needed in a reaction

60
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Threshold level of energy needed to break reactants’ bonds

61
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

A compound that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

62
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen. Synthesized via covalent bonds within organisms.

63
Q

What is molarity?

A

Number of moles of the molecule per liter

64
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

One reactant gives up a hydrogen atom and another reactant gives up a hydroxyl group (OH). Formation of a covalent bond, water is released.

65
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Molecule of water disrupts a compound and breaks its bonds. Water splits into H and OH. One portion of broken compound bonds with H and the other bonds with OH.

66
Q

What is a salt?

A

Formed when ions make ionic bonds. When dissolved in water, dissociates into ions other than H+ or OH-

67
Q

What is an acid?

A

Releases hydrogen ions (H+ proton) in solution

68
Q

What is a base?

A

Releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution, or accepts hydrogen ions (H+) already present in a solution

69
Q

What is pH?

A

Relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Negative base-10 logarithmic. Lower = more acidic, higher = more basic

70
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Neutralizes small amounts of acids and bases. Weak base binds excess H+, weak acid contributes more H+

71
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Atoms with covalent bonds that tend to function in reactions as a single unit

72
Q

What are the types of functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl - dehydration, hydrolysis
Carboxyl - fatty acids, amino acids
Amino - amino acides
Methyl - amino acids
Phosphate - phospholipids, nucleoties

73
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large, complex molecule formed via dehydration synthesis and split by hydrolysis.

74
Q

What is a monomer?

A

“Copies” of single units that link via covalent bonds and form polymers

75
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

“Hydrated carbon” molecule with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
H and O in the same relative proportions as they have in water

76
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monomer carbohydrates

77
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides?

A

Hexose sugars: 6 carbon atoms. Glucose, fructose, galactose.
Pentose sugars: 5 carbon atoms. Ribose, deoxyribose.

78
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Pair of monosaccharides formed via dehydration synthesis with a glycosidic bond. Body must split them into monosaccharides via hydrolysis in via digestion

79
Q

What are the types of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Lactose (galactose and glucose)
Maltose (glucose and glucose)

80
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

More than two monosaccharides that are easy to digest

81
Q

What are the types of polysaccharides?

A

Starches - glucoses
Amylose - long chains
Amylopectin - branched chains
Glycogen - glucoses from animal tissues
Cellulose - undigestible fiber from plant cell walls

82
Q

What are lipids?

A

Hydrocarbons + some peripheral oxygen
Nonpolar hydrocarbons - hydrophobic

83
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Fat. Found most abundantly in body tissues (adipose tissues). Synthesis of: glycerol backbone + 3 carbons. Fuel long, slow activities. Assist in absorption and transport of nonpolar fat-soluble vitamins. Protects and cushions, insulates heat.

84
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

No double carbon bonds, maximum number of hydrogen atoms, solid or semisolid at room temp. Increase risk of heart disease.

85
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

One kinked double carbon bond - liquid at room temp

86
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Two or more double carbon bonds, liquid at room tmep

87
Q

What is omega-3 fatty acid?

A

1st double carbon bond is at the 3rd hydrocarbon from the methyl group (the omega end). Stimulate the production of certain prostaglandins that help regulate blood pressure and inflammation

88
Q

What is a trans fatty acid?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids chemically treated. produce partially hydrogenated fats

89
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

Triglycerides in protein for fluid transport

90
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Sterol compound. 4 hydrocarbon rings bonded to other atoms and molecules.

91
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A sterol synthesized by the liver. Present in most animal-based foods. Hydrophobic + polar hydrophilic hydroxyl head. Building block for hormones, found in the cell membrane that regulate flow of substances

92
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

One of a group of signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids. Sensitize nerves to pain.

93
Q

What are proteins?

A

organic molecule compost of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Contain nitrogen and some sulfur along with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

94
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Polymers made up of nitrogen-containing monomers. Molecule of an alkaline amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH) with a variable side chain. Regulates body’s acid-base balance. Join via dehydration synthesis to form protein polymers.

95
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A short chain of amino acids

96
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Chain of less than 100 amino acids

97
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be synthesized from other molecules in the body - 9

98
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain

99
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet. Maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions

100
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Result of further folding and bonding of the secondary structure

101
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Interactions between two or more tertiary subunits

102
Q

What is a disulfide bond?

A

Covalent bond between sulfur atoms in a polypeptide. Two or more polypeptides bond to form a larger protein with a quaternary structure.

103
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means so they lose their functional shape and cannot do their jobs. Exposure to heat, acids, bases and other substances.

104
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

Elongated, strong, durable and hydrophobic. Collagen and muscle tissue.

105
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Globe-shaped, highly reactive and hydrophilic. Hemoglobin and enzymes

106
Q

What is substrate?

A

Binds to enzymes - reactant in enzymatic reactions. Occurs on regions of the enzymes called active sites.

107
Q

What is an active site?

A

Region on an enzyme where an enzymatic reaction occurs.

108
Q

What is induced fit?

A

Active site modification in the presence of the substrate and the formation of the transition state. Matched enzyme for each substrate.

109
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Undergoes temporary and reversible changes. Cause substrates to be oriented optimally to interact. Promotes reaction speed

110
Q

What are the 4 types of organic compounds?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

111
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

3 subunits: 1 or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base

112
Q

What are the pyramidines?

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil. Nitrogen containing base with a single ring structure

113
Q

What are the purines?

A

Guanine, adenine. Nitrogen-containing molecule. Double ring structure with 7 nitrogen atoms

114
Q

What are the nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

115
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Stores genetic information and instructs cells in assembly of amino acids into proteins. Deoxyribose + phosphate group + nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine). 2 backbones attach at protruding bases via hydrogen bonds.

116
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid. Manifests the genetic code as protein. Ribose + phosphate group + nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil). Single strand studded with bases.

117
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger ribonucleic acid. Created during protein synthesis. Carries genetic instructions from DNA to cell’s protein manufacturing cytoplasm

118
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Ribose sugar + adenine base + 3 phosphate groups. 2 covalent bonds link 3 phosphates that store potential energy. Fuels body’s activities.

119
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine diphosphate. When a phosphate group is cleaved from ATP, produces this and inorganic phosphate via hydrolysis.

120
Q

What is AMP?

A

Adenosine monophosphate. When 2nd phosphate leaves ADP - creates this and 2 phosphate groups. Liberates energy stored in phosphate-phosphate bonds.

121
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound. The same level of energy that had been released during hydrolysis must be reinvested to power dehydration synthesis.

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