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Intro to Psychology > Lecture 1 - The Prologue > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - The Prologue Flashcards

1
Q

How did Aristotle approach the human mind?

A

Asked questions to under the relationship between the body and psyche. Observed and made guesses.

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2
Q

What advancement did Wilhelm Wundt make in 1879?

A

Established first modern laboratory in psychology.

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3
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt’s method of research?

A
  1. Carefully measured observations
  2. Experiments
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4
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt’s 1879 experiment?

A

Measured time it took for people to
1. push a button when ball is heard hitting platform (0.1 sec)
2. push a button when consciously aware of ball hitting platform (0.2 sec)

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5
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt examining in his 1879 experiment?

A

Sensation vs. perception

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6
Q

Who did Edward Tichener learn under?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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7
Q

What was Edward Tichener’s method of research?

A

“Self-report” data and introspection

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8
Q

What approach did Edward Tichener create?

A

Structuralism

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9
Q

What does structuralism examine?

A

Elements of human culture and their relationship to the broader system.

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10
Q

What approach did William James develop?

A

Functionalism

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11
Q

What does functionalism examine?

A

The function of human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how they helped ancestors survive.

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12
Q

What is “Principles of Psychology”?

A

The first psychology textbook, written by William James.

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13
Q

What did Mary Whiton Calkins achieve in 1905?

A

Became first female president of APA.

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14
Q

Who did Mary Whiton Calkins learn under?

A

William James

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15
Q

What did Mary Whiton Calkins achieve in 1894?

A

Earned a PhD at Harvard University, but Trustees refused to award the degree.

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16
Q

What idea did Mary Whiton Calkins originate?

A

Paired-associate learning

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17
Q

What is Paired-associate learning used for?

A

To understand how people encode and retrieve newly formed associations among stimuli. Dominated psychology from 1900-1950.

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18
Q

What did Margaret Floy Washburn achieve in 1921?

A

Became second female APA president.

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19
Q

Who wrote “The Animal Mind” (1908) and “Movement and Mental Imagery” (1916)?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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20
Q

What did Margaret Floy Washburn achieve in 1897?

A

First woman to be awarded with a PhD (earned at Cornell University).

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21
Q

Who did Margaret Floy Washburn learn under?

A

Edward Tichener (although she was barred from his experimental psychology organization).

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22
Q

Who was the second woman to be named a Fellow of the American Academy of Sciences?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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23
Q

What was Francis Summer known as?

A

The Father of Black psychology

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24
Q

Where did Francis Summer earn his PhD in 1920?

A

Clark University

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25
Q

What was the title of Francis Summer’s dissertation?

A

“Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler”

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26
Q

Who chaired (and helped found) the Howard University Psychology Department?

A

Francis Summers (1928-1954)

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27
Q

What was Wundt and Tichener’s definition of psychology?

A

“The science of mental life”

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28
Q

What was Watson and Skinner’s definition of psychology?

A

“The scientific study of observable behavior”

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29
Q

What was cognitive psychologists’ definition of psychology?

A

Studied mental processes, helped by neuroscience

30
Q

What is the modern definition of psychology?

A

“The science of behaviors and mental processes”

31
Q

Who were the two founders of behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

32
Q

What experiment did John B. Watson conduct?

A

A classical conditioning experiment that taught a baby to fear bunnies by associating them with loud noises.

33
Q

What experiment did B.F. Skinner conduct?

A

An operant conditioning experiment that taught pigeons to do amazing things to get rewards.

34
Q

What did B.F. Skinner veer away from?

A

Natural human responses like fear.

35
Q

Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

36
Q

What did Sigmund Freud’s school focus on?

A

Study and treatment focused on the role of unconscious drives, wishes, and needs.

37
Q

What did Sigmund Freud emphasize the importance of?

A

Childhood experiences

38
Q

What did Sigmund Freud explore in his writings?

A

Self and society

39
Q

What did Sigmund Freud’s “Civilization and its Discontents” (1929) win an award for?

A

Won the Goethe prize for literature (1930).

40
Q

What was Freud’s purpose of psychonanalysis?

A

To transform neurotic suffering into ordinary human misery.

41
Q

Why was humanism created?

A

To offer optimism in contrast to Freud’s pessimism.

42
Q

Who were the founders of humanism?

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

43
Q

What was Maslow and Rogers’ method of research?

A

Studied people who were thriving to develop theories and treatments for people to feel accepted and reach full potential.

44
Q

Who were the primary explorers of “nature” in psychology?

A

Plato, Descartes, and Darwin

45
Q

Who were the primary explorers of “nurture” in psychology?

A

Artistotle and John Locke

46
Q

What does W.E.I.R.D. stand for?

A

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

47
Q

What is the DEEP biopsychosocial level of analysis?

A

Biology: genes, brains, neuro-transmitters, survival reflexes, sensation

48
Q

What is the MIDDLE biopsychosocial level of analysis?

A

Psychology: thoughts, emotions, moods, choices, behaviors, traits, motivations, knowledge, perceptions

49
Q

What is the OUTER biopsychosocial level of analysis?

A

Environment: social influences, culture, education, relationships

50
Q

What does cognitive perspective examine?

A

How reliable is memory? How can we improve thinking?

51
Q

What does social-cultural phenomena examine?

A

How could our behaviors, skills, and attitudes be “downloads” from culture?

52
Q

What do behavioral genetics examine?

A

Could our behaviors, skills, and attitudes be genetically programmed instincts?

53
Q

What does neuroscience examine?

A

What role do our bodies play in emotions?

54
Q

What does psychodynamic phenomena examine?

A

Do inner childhoods still plague me and affect my behavior?

55
Q

What does behaviorist phenomena examine?

A

How are problematic behaviors reinforced? How do fears become conditioned?

56
Q

What does evolutionary phenomena examine?

A

Why are humans prone to panic, anger, and irrational judgements?

57
Q

What are the different types of research in psychology?

A

Biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, and positive psychology

58
Q

What does biological research examine in children with autism?

A

Structural differences in the brain

59
Q

What does developmental research examine in children with autism?

A

Stages of cognitive and emotional development

60
Q

What does cognitive research examine in children with autism?

A

Clarify difficulties with sarcasm

61
Q

What does personality research examine in children with autism?

A

Decide whether traits like neuroticism need to be measured differently

62
Q

What does social research examine in children with autism?

A

Learning social skills as procedures instead of intuition

63
Q

What does positive psychology research examine in children with autism?

A

Explore motivations and contributions to life satisfaction

64
Q

What are the different types of applied research in psychology?

A

Clinical, counseling, educational, industrial-organizational, and community psychology

65
Q

What is an example of clinical psychology?

A

Using exposure therapy to decrease phobic reactions

66
Q

What is an example of counseling psychology?

A

Helping someone achieve career goals despite family conflict and self-doubt

67
Q

What is an example of educational psychology?

A

Evaluating aptitudes and achievement to plan for student with learning problems

68
Q

What is an example of industrial-organizational psychology?

A

Figuring out how a factory can improve coordination of tasks, roles, and personalities

69
Q

What is an example of community psychology?

A

Helping coordinate a city’s efforts to understand and prevent elder abuse

70
Q

Who can prescribe medications?

A

Psychiatrists

71
Q

What is SQ3R?

A

A studying method

Intro to Psychology (8 decks)

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