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BIOM3200 > Textbook (endocrine and reproduction) - ALL > Flashcards

Textbook (endocrine and reproduction) - ALL Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integration centre do?

you suck :3

A

detects changes from the set point

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2
Q

What parts of the body encompass the integration centre?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • endocrine glands
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3
Q

What are antagonistic effectors?

A
  • “push-pull”
  • increasing the activity of one effector is accompanied by decreasing the activity of an antagonistic effector
  • gives a finer degree of control compared to switching one effector on and off
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4
Q

What is dynamic constancy?

A

the internal environment is never absolutely constant; homeostasis conditions are stabilized above and below the set point

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5
Q

Homeostasis is ultimately maintained by ____ feedback loops

A

negative

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6
Q

What are the two categories of regulatory mechanisms that homeostasis is maintained by?

A
  1. intrinsic: built into the organs being regulated (nerve fibres innervate organs)
  2. extrinsic: regulation by nervous/endocrine systems (chemical regulators secreted into blood)
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7
Q

endocrine glands lack ____ that are in exocrine glands

A

ducts

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8
Q

What are amine hormones?

A
  • hormones derived from tyrosin and tryptophan
  • secreted from adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal glands
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9
Q

what are glycoprotein hormones?

A

protein bound to 1+ carb groups

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10
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • secreted from gonads (sex steroids)
  • secreted from adreal cortex (corticosteroids + sex steroids)
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11
Q

How do sex and thyroid hormones compare to polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones in the way that they can be taken as medication?

A
  • thyroid and sex can be taken in pill form
  • polypeptide and glycoprotein have to be injected to avoid digestion prior to entering the blood
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12
Q

What is a prohormone?

A
  • precursor for polypeptide hormones
  • cut and spliced with gland cell to make hormone
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13
Q

What is a prehormone?

A
  • molecule secreted by endocrine gland sometimes inactive in target cells
  • target cells modify chemical structure of hormone to activate it (ie: T4 -> T3 to be active)
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14
Q

What is a synergistic hormone effect?

A

two hormones work together to produce an effect

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15
Q

What is a permissive hormone effect?

A

hormone enhances target organ responsiveness to second hormone or increases second hormone’s effect

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16
Q

Is there an accumulation of blood hormones? Why or why not?

A
  • No
  • hormones are removed and used by target organs or removed by liver if in excess
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17
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A
  • hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
  • high concentrations cause hypertrophy of target organs
  • low concentrations cause atrophy of target organs
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18
Q

What is the pars intermedia and what does it do?

A
  • strip of tissue between anterior and posterior pituitary lobes in fetuses (dissapears in adults)
  • produces POMC pro-hormone in fetuses
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19
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and releases ____ and ____ that are produced in the hypothalamus

A
  • antidiuretic hormone: stimulates water retention by kidneys
  • Oxytocin: roles in partruition and lactaction, rises during ejactulation, heightens trust and understanding of social cues
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20
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus are transported along axons of the ____ tract to posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal

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21
Q

Where are the adrenal glands situated?

A

cap the superior borders of the kidneys

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22
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes ____ hormones into blood in response to neural innervation

A

catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine)

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23
Q

What does IGF-2 do?

A

supports IGF-1 with insulin-like actions

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24
Q

The adrenal cortex does not receive natural innervation, but is stimulated hormonally by ____hormone to secrete ____ from the zona ____ and zona ____

A

ACTH, cortisol, fasiculata, reticularis

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25
Q

Do IGF-1/2 stimulation lipolysis or decrease glucose utilization?

A

nah bro

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26
Q

What are somatomedians?

A

another word for Insluin-like growth factrs (IGFs)

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27
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do in terms of regulation of the calcium and phosphate balance.

A

Kidneys:
- stimulates Ca2+ reabsorbtion and inhibits PO4^3- reabsorbtion

Intestine:
- no direct effect

Bone:
- stimulates reabsorbtion

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28
Q

What does 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 do in terms of regulation of the calcium and phosphate balance.

no u suck. I don’t like this question >:(

A

Kidneys:
- stimulates reabsorbtion

Intestine:
- stimulates absorbtion

Bone:
- stimulates reabsorbtion

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29
Q

What does Calcitonin do in terms of regulation of the calcium and phosphate balance.

A

Kidneys:
- inhibits reabsorbtion

Intestine:
- no direct effect

Bone:
- stimulates deposition

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30
Q

What are the three response stages to stress?

A
  1. alarm: sympathoadrenal system activated
  2. resistance: CRH secretion from hypothalamus, ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary, corticosteroid secretion from adrenal (ie: readjustment to stressor)
  3. exhaustion: if readjustment is not completed, sickness or death may occur
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31
Q

in the thyroid, follicular cells synthesize ____ and parafollicular cells secrete ____

A

thyroxine ; calcitonin

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32
Q

Androgen-binding protein is secreted into the ____ by ____ to ____

A

seminiferous tubule lumens ; Sertoli cells ; bind and concentrate testosterone withint the tubules

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33
Q

Describe the negative feedback pathway control of parathyroid hormone (calcium phosphate balance)

A
  • a low amount of Ca2+ in plasma stimulates the parathyroid’s secretion of PTH
  • the PTH secreted stimulates bone reabsorbtion
  • the PTH also stimulates the kidneys to convert 25-hydroxyvitamine D3 (from the liver) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamien D3, which results in increased intestinal absorbtion
  • When Ca2+ plasma levels increase, it induces negative feedback on the parathyroid to to inhibit further PTH secretion
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34
Q

FSH receptors are only in the ____ in the testes

A

Sertoli cells

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35
Q

Spermatogenesis is arrested at ____ during embryonic development until puberty when testosterone rises

A

Prophase I

36
Q

Is LH or FSH more important for spermatogenesis?

A
  • LH - stimulates testosterone secretion
  • FSH only enhances the effect of LH, w/o FSH, spermatogenesis would still occur, just later in puberty
37
Q

Sexual function of the male reproduction system requires both ____ and ____ activity

A

sympathetic ; parasympathetic

38
Q

What are the gonadotropic hormones?

A

FSH and LH

39
Q

What is the female sex steroid(s)?

A

estrogen and progesterone

40
Q

What is the male sex steroid(s)?

A

testosterone

41
Q

What are kisspeptins? What do they do?

A
  • released by neurons of the hypothalamus
  • allow GnRH themselves to generate pulse secretion
42
Q

____ cells in the breast contract to propel milk through the duct system

A

myoepithelial

43
Q

In males, sex steroid secretion occurs…(constantly/cyclically)

A

constantly

44
Q

In females, sex steroid secretion occurs…(constantly/cyclically)

A

cyclically

45
Q

Milk secretion is controlled by ____ that is released by the hypothalamus into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

46
Q

What is inhibitin?

A
  • secreted by Steroli cells of seminiferous tubules in males and granulosa cells of the ovarian follciles in females
  • inhibits secretion of FSH (not LH, FSH only!!)
47
Q

PIH secretion is inhibited by ____ which is high during pregnancy, but counteracted by large concentrations of prolactin secretion

A

estrogen

48
Q

sex steroids induce negative feedback on what?

A

gonadotropin secretion (FSH/LH)

49
Q

What does luteinizing hormone released hormone (LHRH) / gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) do?

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH

50
Q

high ____ and ____ hormone levels prevent prolactin from stimulating mammary glands until after birth

A

estrogen ; progesterone

51
Q

What’s another name for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

luteinizing hormone released hormone (LHRH)

52
Q

What does 5α-reducatse do?

A

converts testostrone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

(testosterone derivatives)

53
Q

What is colostrum?

A
  • first milk
  • provides infants with IgA antibodies as well as cytokines and lymphocytes that promote the development of a baby’s active immunity
54
Q

Breastfeeding can inhibit ____ hormone secretion which inhibits ____ secretion which inhibits ovulation

A

GnRH ; gonadotropin

55
Q

What is aromatization? Why is it important?

A
  • testosterone can be converted into estradiol-17β by aromatase
  • allows testosterone to enter the male fetal brain during development
56
Q

Can LH supress FSH secretion?

A

no

57
Q

Do X or Y chromosomes have more genes?

A

X

58
Q

Can X and Y chromosomes recombine?

A

Only their tips

59
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • where spermatogenisis occurs
  • contains Sertoli cells, which have FSH receptors, and produce inhibitin
60
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

the imprinted allele (ie: maternal or paternal) is silenced and the other allele is expressed

61
Q

What are interstitial (Leydig) cells?

A
  • contain LH receptors, which stimulate testosterone secretion (i.e. they secrete testosterone)
  • form a thin web of connective tissue known as interstitial tissue
  • fill the spaces betwen the tubules
62
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

type of pseudohermaphroditisim where excessive androgen secretion from the adrenal cortex without mullerian inhibition hormone production results in the formation of a uterus and tubes with partially masculinized external genetalia

63
Q

lumen of the uterine tube is ____ with the uterus

A

continuous

64
Q

what is testicular feminization syndrome?

A

type of pseudohermaphroditism where normally functioning testes have a lack of testosterone receptors, resulting in female genetalia without uterus or tubes due to mullerian inhibition hormone; no male accessory sex hormones

65
Q

Describe the steps of oocyte and follicle development

(good luckkkk its so long lolol)

A

Before Puberty:
- the ovraies contain oogonia, each surrounded by a primordial follicle
- most oogiona die, however those athat live are known as primary oocytes
- primary oocytes begin meiosis, and arrest in prophase I

After Puberty:
- follicles grow, and become dark and cuboidal shaped, and are known as primary follicles
- the primary follicles secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
- with stimulation from FSH, the follicles begin to grow granulosa cells, which fill the follicle and surround the oocyte
- neighbouring cells pass cGMP thru gap junctions to ensure cells stay arrested.
- some of the follicles will continue to grow, and develop vesicles, where they are then called secondary follciles
- vesicles fuse to form a singular antrum, and the follicle is know as a mature/graafian follicle
- LH begins to lower cGMP levels, which allows meiosis to continue, which produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body
- meiosis begins again, but arrests in metaphase II
- the follicle forms a cumulus radiata to support the oocyte
- the granulosa cells forms a corona radiata ring
- oocyte and corona radiata are seperated by a zona pellucida

(ovulation is then set to begin!)

66
Q

What is capacitation? What causes it?

A
  • a sperms ability to fertilize an egg
  • caused by alkalinity of the female reproductive tract causeing in increase in sperm pH (activates sperms flagellum, i.e. its ability to swim)
  • progesterone within the follicular fluid activates Ca2+ channels, aka CatSper, which causes sperm hyperactivation
  • sperm are drawn to ovum vias chemotaxis (chemical attraction) and termotaxts (high temperature attraction)
67
Q

what happens to the sperm when deposited into the female? (focus on acrosome)

A
  • progesterone activates CatSper channels
  • acrosome reaction occurs, resulting in fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane – forming pores in which acrosomal enzymes exit through (exocytosis)
  • enzymes then allow the sperm to digest the zona pellucida and get to the oocyte
68
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

when >1 sperm fertilize 1 egg

69
Q

What is phospholipase C? What does it do?

A
  • enzyme released by the oocyte once sperm fuses
  • produces the second messnger inositol triphosphate, which triggers endoplasmic reticulum release of Ca2+ – producing a Ca2+ wave
  • this wave protects against polyspermy, and allows fertilized oocyte to resume meiosis to produce a mature ovum and a polar body
70
Q

What is considere an embryo?

A

zygote ➡ 8 weeks

71
Q

What is considered a fetus?

A

8 weeks ➡ parturition

72
Q

what is a blastocyte?

A

a hollow structure consisting of an inner cell mass (which will become the fetus) and a chronion (which will bome the placenta)

73
Q

describe the conversion from zygote to implantd blastocyte (just do the names of things)

A
  1. zygote
  2. (after cleavage 1) 2-cell stage
  3. (after cleavage 2) 4-cell stage
  4. (after cleavage 3) 8-cell stage
  5. (after cleavage 4) 4-cell stage
  6. (after cleavage 5) mordula
  7. blastocyte
  8. implanted blastocyte
74
Q

what is chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? What secretes it, and what does it do?

A
  • chorionic cells / placenta
  • works similarly to LH, and preserves the corpus luteum after implantation
  • prevents immunological rejection of implanted embryo
75
Q

What is chorion frondosum?

A

maternal tissue

76
Q

What is decidual basalis?

A

fetal tissue

77
Q

the placenta is made up of what?

A

chorion frondosum and decidual basalis

78
Q

What is amniotic fluid made of?

A

isotonic secretions, as well as fetal urine and sloughed off cells

79
Q

What do umbilical arteries do? How many are there?

A
  • 1
  • transport blood from the fetus to the vessels in chorionic villi
80
Q

What do umbilical veins do? How many are there?

A
  • 1
  • transport blood from vessels in the chorionic villi to the fetus
81
Q

What happens to the mother cardiovascular system during pregnancy?

A
  • overall increase in blood volume
  • decrease in peripheral resistance
82
Q

What does chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) do? What secretes it?

A
  • the placenta
  • suppliments the activity of placental growth hormone (PGH) and acts alongside the mothers GH to promote lipolysis and gluco-sparing by matrna tissue and polyurea
83
Q

What does placental growth hromone (PGH) / Growth hormone variant (hGH-V) do? What secretes it?

A
  • the placenta
  • acts alongside the mothers GH to promote lipolysis and gluco-sparing by matrna tissue and polyurea
84
Q

What hormones stimulate uterine contractions, and what produces them?

A
  • oxytocin (hypothalamus)
  • prostaglandins (uterus)
85
Q

How does the fetal adrenal cortex contribute to the induction of labour in mammals?

A

Corticosteroids secreted by the fetus stimulate placental conversion of progesterone to estrogen

86
Q

Describe the induction of labour in primates

A
  • something we don’t understand interferes with progesterone receptors
  • the placenta produces corticotropin-releasing hromone (CRH) which stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary
  • ACTH stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex of the mother and baby, when then stimulates relased of more CRH
  • the fetal adrenal zone secretes dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which travels to the placenta for the conversion of estrogens (to estriol)
  • the estriol then travels to the uterus to increase sensitivity to hormones by producing more receptors

BIOM3200 (12 decks)

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