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MCAT Biochem > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

phospholipids

A
  • phosphate and alcohol that comprise polar head
  • phosphodiester linkage joins this head to the FA hydrophobic tail
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2
Q

glycerol forms the backbones of…

A
  • phosphoglycerides
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3
Q

true or false: sphingolipods are phospholipids

A

false; some are some aren’t

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4
Q

fully saturated fatty acids

A
  • only have single bonds
  • carbon saturated w no pi bonds
  • solid at room temp
  • greater van der Waals forces, more stable overall structure
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5
Q

unsat FA

A
  • double bonds
  • kinks
  • fluidity
  • liquid at room temp
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6
Q

glycerophospholipids

A
  • glycerol backbone bonded by ester linkages to 2 FA and by a phosphodiester linkage to a highly polar head group
  • head group can be neutral or have a charge
  • important for cell signaling, recognition, and binding
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7
Q

phosphatidylcholine

A
  • glycerophospholipid
  • choline head group
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8
Q

phosphatidylethanolamine

A
  • glycerophosholipid with ethanol-amine head group
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9
Q

sphingolipids

A
  • example is the cell-surface antigens on RBCs vital to ABO blood typing
  • sphingoid backbone OR sphingosine
  • long-chain nonpolar FA tails and polar head groups
  • many are also phospholipids because of phosphodiester linkage
  • others contain glycosidic linkages to sugars; glycolipid
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10
Q

4 types of sphingolipids

A

1) ceramides
2) sphingomyelins
3) glycosphingolipids
4) gangliosides

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11
Q

ceramides

A
  • sphingolipids
  • has a single H atom as it’s head group
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12
Q

sphingomyelins

A
  • sphingolipid
  • phospholipid
  • either have phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine group, meaning there is a phosphodiester bond somewhere
  • head groups have no net charge
  • major components in the plasma membranes of cells producing myelin (oligoden. & Schwann)
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13
Q

glycosphingolipids

A
  • sphingolipid
  • not phospholipids
  • contain no phosphodiester linkage
  • found outside of plasma membrane
  • can be split into cerebroside or globoside
  • neutral, no net charge in physiological pH

cerebroside: singular sugar
globoside: have two or more sugars

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14
Q

gangliosides

A
  • sphingolipid
  • polar head groups and composed of oligosaccharides with one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) molecules at the terminus and a negative charge
  • glycolipids, glycosidic linkage and no phosphate group
  • major role in cell interaction, recognition, and signal transduction
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15
Q

waxes

A
  • esters of long FA chains w long-chain alcohols
  • pliable solids at room temp
  • keep water in and from getting in and pests out
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16
Q

terpenes

A
  • odiferous
  • metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules
  • varied independent functions
  • built from isoprene (C5H8)
  • steroid synthesis
17
Q

monoterpenes

A
  • terpene
  • (C10H16)
  • 2 isoprene units
  • essential oils and
18
Q

sesquiterpenes

A
  • terpene
  • 3 isoprene units
19
Q

diterprene

A
  • terpene
  • 4 isoprene units
20
Q

triterpene

A
  • terpene
  • 6 isoprene units
  • converted to cholesterol and various steroids
21
Q

carotenoids

A
  • terpene
  • tetraterpenes w 8 isoprene units
22
Q

terpenoids

A
  • isoprenoids
  • derivatives of terpenes that have undergone oxygenation and rearrangement of the carbon skeleton
  • adding a variety of functional groups to modify
  • similar functions as terpenes
  • similar naming conventions (diterpenoids meaning 4 isoprene units)
  • important in steroid formation
23
Q

steroids

A
  • derivatives of terpenes
  • 4 cycloalkane rings fused together: 3 cyclohexane, 1 cyclopentane
  • functionality determined by oxidation status of rings, as well as functional groups they carry
  • nonpolar
24
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • travel on protein carriers
  • bind to specific high-affinity receptors and alter gene expression levels
25
Q

cholesterol

A
  • major component in phospholipid bilayer and is responsible for mediating membrane fluidity
  • amphipathic
  • hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
  • keeps cell membrane from solidifying or becoming too permeable
  • precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D
26
Q

prostaglandins

A
  • unsat CA derived from arachidonic acid
  • contain 1 five-C ring
  • paracrine or autocrine signaling
  • regulate cAMP synthesis
  • intracellular messenger, mediating the actions of many other hormones
  • NSAIDs aid in inhibiting COX, which aids in prostaglandin production
27
Q

vitamin A

A
  • carotene
  • unsat hydrocarbon important in growth and development, vision, and immune function
  • most significant metabolite of it is the aldehyde form, retinal important in light-sensing in eye
  • retinol is the storage form, oxidized to retinoic acid which is a hormone that regulates gene expression during epithelial development
28
Q

vitamin D

A
  • cholecalciferol
  • UV light-driven skin rxn
  • converted to calcitriol in the liver and kidneys
  • inc Ca and phosphate uptake in the intestines
  • promotes bone production
  • lack causes rickets
29
Q

vitamin E

A
  • tocopherols (biological antioxidants) and tocotrienols
  • substituted aromatic ring with a long isoprenoid side chain
  • hydrophobic
  • aromatic ring reacts with free radicals destroying them
  • prevents oxidative damage (this damage contributed to cancer and aging)
30
Q

vitamin K

A
  • group of compounds (phylloquinone and menaquinone)
  • vital to postransaltional modifications required to form prothrombin (aromatic ring undergoes redox to form this)
  • important for calcium binding
31
Q

triacylglycerols

A
  • more reduced, oxidation yields double the energy as carbs
  • hydrophobic
  • energy storage and insulation
  • 3 FA bonded by ester linkages
  • oily droplets in cytosol
  • metabolic fuel
  • adipocytes
  • travel bidirectionally between liver an adipose tissue
32
Q

free FA

A
  • unesterified FA
  • free carboxylate group
  • circulate in blood bonded noncovalently to serum albumin
  • make up soap via saponification
33
Q

saponification

A
  • ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base
  • base usually used as lye (sodium or potassium hydroxide)
  • result in basic cleave of a FA leaving the sodium salt of the FA and glycerol
34
Q

surfactant

A
  • lowers surface tension at the surface of a liquid, serving as a detergent or emulsifier
  • micelles
35
Q

micelles

A
  • important in absorption of fat soluble vitamins and complicated lipids

MCAT Biochem (12 decks)

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