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Geography > The Uk Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The Uk Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What is geology

A

The study of the structure and substance of rocks

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2
Q

What is past tectonic processes

A

Previous volcanic eruptions and tectonic uplift

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3
Q

What are the 2 glacial processes -erosion

A

Plucking -freezing onto the surface and removing sediment
Abrasion-embedded sediment scouring the valley floor and sides

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4
Q

What are the 2 glacial processes-weathering

A

Freeze thaw-water freezing into cracks in the rock,expanding and splitting the rock apart
Deposition- sediment put down as a glacier retreats creates outwash till in the valley floor,and moraine at the snout and edges of the glacier

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5
Q

What do the range of processes combined create

A

Upland areas-U shaped valleys and screw slopes
Lowland-dip slopes and escarpments

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6
Q

What are sedimentary rocks and give examples

A

Small ,eroded particles/remains of plants deposited in layers that turn into rocks over time and under pressure
E.g chalk clay limestone

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7
Q

The layers structure in sedimentary rocks creates what ?

A

Weakness inbetween layers

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8
Q

What happens to sedimentary rocks over time

A

They consolidate over time ,so you get rocks are less consolidated and therefore less resistant to weathering erosion

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9
Q

What are igneous rocks and a propertie of it

A

Igneous rocks are formed by heat eg cooling magma which created a magma
And it’s extremely resistant to erosion

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10
Q

What are metamorphic rocks and. Give a few examples

A

Metamorphic rocks are formed by existing rock changing shape and characteristics through heat and or pressure
Eg schists and slate

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11
Q

What are the metamorphic rocks layers like

A

Their layer stucture has faults which can be eroded easily

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12
Q

What rocks are found north and west of the UK and why

A

igneous and metamorphic due to past techtonic processes

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13
Q

Where are sedimentary rocks found in the UK

A

The south and east of England

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14
Q

What are dip slopes

A

Gently sloping areas following the fold of rocks

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15
Q

What are encampments

A

Steep slopes oftern on areas of alternating more resistant chalk and less resistant clay due to different rates of erosion

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16
Q

Describe the formation of a v shape valley

A

Caused by the movement of glaciers
They pluck rocks from valley sides and weathering eventually provides more angular sediment which embeds into the glacier
This means the moving glacier with embedded rocks causes the deepening of vally floor and widening of vally sides by abrasion

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17
Q

How are hanging valleys caused

A

Caused by glacial erosion and later post glacial rivers

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18
Q

How are scree slopes caused

A

Caused by slope processes and freeze thaw

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19
Q

How are outwash plains caused

A

By glacial deposition

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20
Q

How are misfit streams caused

A

By post glacial rivers

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21
Q

How are lowland areas shaped

A

By biological chemical and physical weathering

22
Q

What for lowland landscapes features include

A

Dip slopes
Escarpments
Low clay valves

23
Q

How do people use upland landscapes

A

People use landscape for dry scape walled hill farming ,large scale forestry and forest clearances ,and tourism such as skiing in Scotland

24
Q

What is the forestry in lowland areas

A

Deciduous and orchards which are used for walking and public areas

25
Q

How is the agriculture in lowland areas

A

Argricultre is arable as climate is more temperate,means that’s there is a longer thermal growing season creating higher crop yeilds

26
Q

How is the land different in lowland areas

A

There is less soil erosion,more fertile land and larger and flatter sites whoch means tractors and other machinery can be used

27
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

Rock layer parallel to coast ,have harder more resistant outer layer protecting softer rock inland

28
Q

How are coves formed

A

Once the resistant rock on a condordant coastline is eroded away the softer rock is eroded rapidly creating a cove

29
Q

What is a discordant coastline

A

Alternating rocks types at a right angle to the coast

30
Q

What are the 4 features of discordant coastlines

A

•creates headlands and bays
•as a headland erodes other landforms are created
•Faults and cracks in the rocks are widened by Abrasion,hydrolic action,wave pounding and solution
•these faults and cracks creating caves ,arch,then a stack and a stump

31
Q

How do softer rock cliffs Eddie

A

Soft rock coastlines suffer from mass movement

32
Q

How do harder rock coastline erode

A

Hard rock coastlines erode by the foot of a cliff being eroded between high and low water marks cause a wave cut notch
Overtime cliff is undercut and unsupported cliff face collapses
Cliff retreats inland leaving flat rock area which is a wave cut notch

33
Q

How do seasons affect the climate in the UK

A

Autumn and winter are wettest and have most storms,which creates low pressure and higher waves leading to more rapid coastal retreat

34
Q

How does strom frequency effect coastline

A

More storms create higher winds and low pressures creates larger more powerful waves which erode the coastline more rapidly

35
Q

What are marine processes

A

Actions caused by the sea

36
Q

What is a destructive wave

A

High in height frequency and have a stronger backwash then swash
Increasing coastal retreat

37
Q

What is a subarieal process

A

Actions happening above sea level

38
Q

How do sub Aerial processes affect coastlines

A

They act on cliff face after the waves have undercut the bottom of the cliff
They lead to mass movement

39
Q

What is rock falls

A

Weathered areas undercut ,unsupported area collapse

40
Q

What is slumping

A

Rapid mass movement

41
Q

What is sliding

A

The movement of a large amount of material along a flat surface

42
Q

What is transportation

A

The movement of material by solution ,saltation suspension and traction

43
Q

What is longshore drift

A

The transportation of sediment along a beach in a zig zag movement

44
Q

What can longshore drift create

A

Spit ,lagoon or tombolo

45
Q

What is deposition

A

constructive waves built up beaches that have a stronger swash than backwash,causing sediment to build up on a beach
These beaches are oftern wide

46
Q

How does this link to the fieldwork

A

Coastal processes can be investigated through measuring beach profile

47
Q

What is a beach profile

A

Is a cross section of beach measured from beach to cliff base which helps you investigate its morphology

48
Q

Why are people dependent on the Uk coastline

A

Millions of people have jobs dependent on it

49
Q

What is direct effect

A

Where the coastline is defended

50
Q

Why arnt agriculture areas protected

A

Due to them being less valuable

51
Q

How much of dorsets coastline is developed

A

25%

52
Q

What features does swanage bay have

A

Has a range of semi natural and human landscapes
Half of it is built up,it’s a residential and employment centre and has built sea defences

Geography (10 decks)

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