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Microbiology > Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host Flashcards

1
Q

The type of immunity directed at freely circulating pathogens and depend on B cells. It is also called antibody-mediated immunity.

A

Humoral Immunity

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2
Q

The type of immunity that depends on T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue recognized as nonself, and destroy tumor cells. Also called cell-mediated immunity.

A

Cellular Immunity

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3
Q

A generic term for blood-derived fluids containing antibodies.

A

Antiserum

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4
Q

The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens is called:

A

Serology

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5
Q

Gamma fraction, also called ______________, contains most of the antibodies; it is often used to transfer passive immunity.

A

Gamma Globulin

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6
Q

Involves the injection of antibodies (rather than antigens) into the body. These antibodies come from an animal or person who is already immune to the disease.

A

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

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7
Q

The result of vaccination. These are antigens such as killed or living microorganisms or inactivated bacterial toxins.

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

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8
Q

The process of introducing a vaccine into the body. Also called immunization.

A

Vaccination

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9
Q

Involves the natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant.

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

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10
Q

Antibodies in a pregnant woman cross the placenta to her fetus. What kind of transfer is this?

A

Transplacental transfer

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11
Q

The first secretions of breast milk:

A

colostrum

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12
Q

Develops when a person is exposed to antigens, becomes ill, and then recovers.

A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

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13
Q

Can subclinical or inapparent infections also confer immunity?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Immunity is acquired ______________ when a person is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances and the immune system responds.

A

actively

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15
Q

Immunity is acquired ___________________ when antibodies are transferred from one person to another. Usually lasts only as long as the antibodies are present - in most cases, a few weeks.

A

passively

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16
Q

The antibody-mediated immune responses of the host intensify after a second exposure to an antigen.

A

Secondary response, aka memory (or anamnestic) response

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17
Q

The relative amount of antibody in the serum; reflects the intensity of the antibody-mediated humoral response.

A

antibody titer

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18
Q

Contact with antigen produces no detectable antibodies for 4 to 7 days. Slow rise in antibody titer: first, IgM class antibodies are produced, followed by IgG peaking in about 10-17 days, after which antibody titer gradually declines. This pattern is characteristic of a:

A

Primary response to an antigen

19
Q

The harmful overproduction of cytokines.

A

Cytokine storm

20
Q

A family of cytokines that function in controlling the pathways by which stem cells develop into different red or white blood cells.

A

Hematopoietic cytokines

21
Q

A cytokine family that is known by abbreviations such as TNF-a, and so on.

A

tumor necrosis factor

22
Q

These cytokines are a strong factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

A

tumor necrosis factor

23
Q

___________________ that block the action of TNF are an available therapy for some of these conditions.

A

Monoclonal antibodies

24
Q

Stimulates the production of neutrophils from their granulocyte-monocyte precursors.

A

G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)

25
Q

Used to therapeutically increase the numbers of protective macrophages and granulocytes in patients undergoing red bone marrow transplants.

A

GM-CSF

26
Q

A family of cytokines that protect cells from viral infection.

A

Interferons

27
Q

A family of small cytokines that induces the migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage:

A

Chemokines (from chemotaxis)

28
Q

Cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes (white blood cells) are now known as:

A

interleukins

29
Q

Chemical messengers that are required for communication between different cells.

A

Cytokines

30
Q

Soluble proteins or glycoproteins that are produced by practically all cells of the immune system in response to a stimulus. Acts only on a cell that has a receptor for it; there are over 200 types.

A

Cytokines

31
Q

If an organism, such as a parasitic worm, is too large for ingestion and destruction by phagocytosis, it can be attacked by immune system cells that remain external to it.

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

32
Q

Activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity: macrophages, Tc cells, and natural killer cells

A

T Helper Cell (Th1)

33
Q

Stimulates the production of eosinophils, IgM, and IgE

A

T Helper Cell (Th2)

34
Q

Destroys target cell on contact; generated from T cytotoxic (Tc) cell

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL)

35
Q

Regulates immune response and helps maintain tolerance.

A

T Regulatory (Treg) cell

36
Q

Enhanced phagocytic activity; attacks cancer cells

A

Activated macrophage

37
Q

Attacks and destroys target cells; participates in antibody-dependent cell-mediated toxicity.

A

Natural Killer (NK) cell

38
Q

A component of the innate immune system that can also destroy certain virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

A

Granular leukocytes called Natural Killer (NK) cells. Account for 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes.

39
Q

The principal APCs to induce immune responses by T cells.

A

Dendritic cells (DCs)

40
Q

The two APCs associated with cellular immunity.

A

Dendritic cells and Activated macrophages

41
Q

Programmed cell death.

A

Apoptosis

42
Q

Proteases that induce apoptosis.

A

Granzymes

43
Q

Pore-forming protein

A

perforin

44
Q

Precursors to CTLs

A

T cytotoxic cells

Microbiology (4 decks)

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